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Medicine, Year 1, Block 1 (Foundations of Medicine) > Nucleic Acids & Genetic Information > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids & Genetic Information Flashcards

1
Q

State the process of producing mRNA from DNA

A

Transcription

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2
Q

State the process of producing protein from mRNA

A

Translation

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3
Q

State the process of producing DNA from mRNA

A

Retrotranscription

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4
Q

Both DNA and RNA consist of polymers of monomers. What are these monomers called?

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

What do nucleotides consist of?

A

A phosphate group
A pentose sugar
A nitrogenous base

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6
Q

Nucleoside + Phosphate = ________?

A

Nucleotide

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7
Q

How many rings are in a Purine?

A

2

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8
Q

How many rings are in a Pyrimidine?

A

1

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9
Q

Give all the examples of Purine bases

A

Adenine, Guanine

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10
Q

Give all the examples of Pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine

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11
Q

Give 3 examples of other roles of nucleotides (apart from carrying the genetic code) with examples

A

Energy carrier i.e. ATP
Signalling i.e. cAMP, cGMP
Enzyme cofactors i.e. CoA, FMN, FAD, NAD

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12
Q

Who devised the “Double Helix” structure and when?

A

Watson & Crick, 1953

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13
Q

DNA has directionality, what direction is this?

A

5’ to 3’

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14
Q

How many hydrogen bonds pair a C base with a G base in the double helix?

A

3

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15
Q

How many hydrogen bonds pair with an A base and a T base in the double helix?

A

2

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16
Q

What is the name of bonds which bind phosphate groups to sugar groups in DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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17
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

A bond which links phosphate and sugar groups in the backbone of DNA

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18
Q

The human genome has roughly how many base pairs?

A

3 billion

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19
Q

Compare how Nuclear DNA is structured with respect to Mitochondrial DNA

A

Nuclear DNA is linear and packaged into chromosomes, whilst MtDNA is circular

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20
Q

What is the basic fundamental unit of chromatin called? What is it comprised of?

A

A nucleosome, which is comprised of DNA packaged around 8 histones

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21
Q

Nucleosomes can be described as beads on a string. What is the string’s technical name in this instance?

A

DNA linker region

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22
Q

What is the difference between “euchromatin” and “heterochromatin”?

A

Euchromatin - lightly packed chromatin

Heterochromatin - densely packed chromatin

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23
Q

Describe what the chromosomal scaffold is..

A

The chromosomal scaffold is described as a chromatin fibre associated with non-histone proteins

24
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The centromere is the part of a chromosome that links sister chromatids

25
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

One copy of the duplicated chromosome

26
Q

What is a telomere? What is its function?

A

A series of repetitive nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes. They protect chromosomes from deterioration during replication

27
Q

What is the q arm of a chromosome?

A

The long arm

28
Q

What is the p arm of a chromosome?

A

The short arm

29
Q

Each somatic human cell contains how many chromosomes?

A

46

30
Q

How many different autosomal chromosome pairs are there

A

22

31
Q

What is an allosome?

A

A sex chromosome

32
Q

What are the two allosomes?

A

X and Y chromosomes

33
Q

How many homologous chromosome pairs does a human have?

A

23

34
Q

What is the “karyotype” of a chromosome?

A

The karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes in a eukaryotic cell

35
Q

What is “aneuploidy”?

A

An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell

36
Q

What is “trisomy”?

A

A type of aneuploidy, whereby there is an extra copy of a chromosome

37
Q

Give three examples of Trisomy conditions affecting autosomal chromosomes

A

Trisomy 21 - Down’s Syndrome
Trisomy 18 - Edwards Syndrome
Trisomy 13 - Patau Syndrome

38
Q

Give two examples of Trisomy conditions affecting allosomal chromosomes

A

XXX - Triple X syndrome

XXY - Klinefelter syndrome

39
Q

What is “genomic medicine”?

A

A medical discipline that involves genomic information about an individual as part of their clinical care

40
Q

How long is a typical cell cycle length in mammals?

A

12-24 hours

41
Q

What is the G0 phase of a cell cycle?

A

The resting phase, where a cell has not started to divide yet. Once it gets a signal, it can move into the G1 phase

42
Q

What are the three sub-phases of Interphase?

A

G1, S, G2

43
Q

How long does G1 phase last for and what happens here?

A

18-30 hours

Cell increases protein synthesis and metabolic activity

44
Q

How long does S phase last for and what happens here?

A

18-20 hours

Chromosomes containing DNA are duplicated

45
Q

How long does G2 phase last for and what happens here?

A

2-10 hours

Cell prepares for mitosis and the splitting of the cell

46
Q

How long does M phase last for and briefly state what happens here?

A

30-60 mins

Cell produces two daughter cells

47
Q

State the subphases of mitosis

A 
Prophase
(Prometaphase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
48
Q

Describe the structure of the mitotic spindle

A

The mitotic spindle is made up of microtubules and originates from the two centrosomes which migrate to opposite ends of the cell

49
Q

The mictotubules of the mitotic spindle attach to which structure on a chrosome?

A

Kinetochore

50
Q

What occurs during Prophase?

A
  1. The chromosomes condense
  2. Nucleoli disperses
  3. Centrosomes seperate and form a mitotic spindle
51
Q

What occurs during Prometaphase?

A
  1. Nuclear envelope fragments
  2. Spindles attach to centromeres
  3. Chromosomes begin to move towards thecell centre
52
Q

What occurs during Metaphase

A

Chromosome alignment at the metaphase plate

53
Q

What occurs during Anaphase

A

Chromatids move towards opposite cell poles

54
Q

What occurs during Telophase

A
  1. Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
  2. Nucleoli reappear
  3. Disassembly of spindle
  4. Nuclear envelope reforms
55
Q

What is the mechanism of action for 5-Fluorouracil as a chemotherapy?

A

Irreversibly inhibits thymidylate synthase, also a pyrimidine analog

56
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Cyclophosphamide as a chemotherapy drug?

A

As an alkylating agent, it attaches alkyl groups onto guanines. This interferes with DNA replication and forms crosslinks

57
Q

What is the mechanism of action for Epirubicin as a chemotherapy drug?

A

Induces intercalation of DNA strands, also triggers DNA cleavage by the topoisomerase II causing cell death

Medicine, Year 1, Block 1 (Foundations of Medicine) (20 decks)

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