Fluid Homeostasis and Blood

Question 1

Blood is comprised of % plasma and % cells?

Answer 1

55% plasma

45% cells

Question 2

Serum is defined as?

Answer 2

Plasma, minus the clotting factors

Question 3

Packed cell volume is also known as…? What is the value approximately?

Answer 3

Haematocrit, and 0.45

Question 4

What is the most abundant white cell?

Answer 4

Neutrophil

Question 5

What is the second most abundant white cell?

Answer 5

Lymphocyte

Question 6

What is the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Na+?

Answer 6

Intracellular = 10mM
Extracellular = 142 mM

Question 7

What is the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of K+?

Answer 7

Intracellular = 160 mM
Extracellular = 4 mM

Question 8

What is the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of Ca2+?

Answer 8

Intracellular = 0.1 uM
Extracellular = 2.5 mM

Question 9

Define Osmolarity / Osmolality

Answer 9

Concentration of solute particles in solution

Question 10

What are the units for Osmolarity / Osmolality?

Answer 10

mOsm / kg

mOsm / l

Question 11

Define osmosis

Answer 11

Movement of water down its concentration gradient from low osmolarity (less concentrated solution) to high osmolarity (more concentrated solution) across a semi permeable membrane

Question 12

Define tonicity.

What are the names given to the extreme tonic states and what affects do they have on a cell?

Answer 12

The strength of solution as it affects cell volume

Hypertonic, will cause crenation
Hypotonic, will cause lysis

Question 13

What is the functional unit of a kidney called?

Answer 13

Nephron

Question 14

Describe the sequence of whereby blood fllters as it passes through the Nephron of kidneys

Answer 14

Proximal tubule (solutes resorbed) –> Loop of Henle (electrolytes resorbed) –> Distal tubule (ion regulation) –> Collecting duct (water resorbed)

Question 15

Blood vessels are lined with endothelium - what is the histology of endothelium?

Answer 15

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 16

What occurs in odema?

Answer 16

Movement of fluid in and out of interstitial fluid spaces is not in equilibrium, whereby hydrostatic forces > osmotic forces = leading to fluid build up in tissues

Question 17

What are the two Starling forces?

Answer 17

Hydrostatic and Osmotic forces

Question 18

If hydrostatic force > osmotic force at the arterial end - what happens?

Answer 18

Pushes fluid out of vessels into tissues (oedema)

Question 19

If osmotic force > hydrostatic force at the venous end - what happens?

Answer 19

This pushes fluid into vessels from tissue (hypervolemia)

Question 20

How is elephantiasis caused?

Answer 20

Blockage of lymph nodes due to a parasitic infection