NUCLEIC ACID INTRO Flashcards
_________ is composed of trillions of cells
Body
Inside the human cell, these major macromolecules are
present
carbohydrates
○ lipids
○ proteins
○ nucleic acid (DNA and RNA
CLPN
have a telomere, centromere, and chromatin
Chromosomes
Portion of a Chromosome that controlled a specific inheritable trait
● Sequence of nucleotides within a portion of DNA that codes for a
peptide or a functional RNA
Gene
Sum of all genes
GENOME
Nucleic Acid Types
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
○ Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Are polymers and polynucleotides
● One of the major macromolecule in the body responsible for
storing and expressing genetic information
Nucleic Acid
Almost always double-stranded (helical structure)
● 2’-deoxyribose
● Stores genetic information, RNA, and protein coding information
● Transfers information to the daughter cells
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
DNA Bases
: Thymine, Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine
Single-stranded
● Ribose
● Carries protein and coding information
● Helps in making protein
● Helps in how the information stored in DNA is used
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) Bases
Bases: Uracil, Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine
Single building block of nucleic acids
● Nucleotides
are numbered from 1’ to 5’; clockwise
Carbons
Sugar + base = ________
nucleotide
the bond connecting the sugar and the base
-N-glycosidic acid
Nucleoside + phosphate +
Nucleotide
are the building blocks of nucleic acids
Nucleotides
For each A on one chain, a T aligned opposite it on the other
chain G-C
Chargaff’s Rule
codes for protein
- encodes for amino acid sequence
- each three mRNA bases form a codon where each codon
corresponds to a specific amino acid
messenger RNA (mRNA)
forms the core of the ribosomes,
machinery for making proteins
- structurally support and catalyze protein synthesis
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
✓ Carry the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus directly to
the cytoplasm
✓ Consists of a chain of nucleotides whose sequence is exactly
complementary to one of the strands of DNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
✓ Contains 500-4500 bases
Messenger RNA (mRNA
are also called as transcripts
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
✓Associates with proteins to form ribosome
✓It functions as a machine to attach amino acids and aid in forming
proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
✓ RNA is complexed with proteins in ribosomes
✓
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
✓ Contains 100-3000 nucleotides
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
binds mRNA and
tRNA
→ contains 1 rRNA
1 small
- catalyzes the peptide
bond formation
→ contains 3 rRNA
- 1 large
✓ Containing from 73 to 93 nucleotides per chain
✓ There is at least one different tRNA for each of the 20 amino acids
✓ Transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis in the
ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
some of
its bases form weak chemical
bonds with each other thus
leading to folding of the tRNA
into loops
→ one loop of
Transfer RNA (tRNA)clover leaf shape
Coding sequences
✓ “expressed sequences”
Exons
✓ Non coding sequences
✓ “intervening sequences”
→ they should be removed in the mRNA
Introns
RNA chain is called a
transcript
● 2 Steps in transmission of information
Transcription
- Translation
DNA acts as a ________ in
the process of making
proteins
“manager”
DNA polymerase which
we call as “ _______
“the builders”
✓ Catalytic RNA
✓ Catalyze the splicing of mRNA
Ribozymes
