MENDELIAN INHERITANCE PATTERN Flashcards
a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence
encoding a single protein
Gene
the entire set of genes in an organism
Genome
___________reported about 20,000 -
25,000 protein-coding genes in humans (23 pairs)
Human Genome Project
- two genes that occupy the same position on
homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait
(like ‘flavors’ of a trait)
Alleles
a fixed location of a strand of DNA where a gene
or one of its alleles is located
Locus
having identical genes (one from each
parent) for a particular characteristic
Homozygous
The allele that is masked by a dominant allele does not appear in the heterozygous condition. Only in homozygous
RECESSIVE (homozygous)
The genetic makeup of an organism
GENOTYPE
The physical appearance or observable attributes of an organism
PHENOTYPE
A genetic cross involving a single pair of genes one trait; parents differ by a single trait
MONONHYBRID CROSS
The results from a punnet square can be used to find the _______ a certain allele combination will occur in offspring
a. Probability
b. pedigree
c. Traits
d. Genes
PROBABILITY
What are the possible genotypes for a cross between 2 people that are heterozygous for the same trait?
TT = 25% Tt =50% tt 25%
Two of the same genes for a trait (sometimes) called purebred) BB or bb
A. Homozygous
B. Heterozygous
C. Protein
D. Chromosome
HOMOZYGOUS
What would the ratio for genotypes be based on this punnett square?
A. 2BB:2bb
B. 2BB:2Bb
C. 1BB:2Bb:1bb
D. 4Bb
2BB:2bb
Which is true statement about this picture?
A. Brown is recessive
B. Brown is dominant
C. Blue is dominant
D. Blue is dominant
B brown is dominant
If a homozygous black cat (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white cat (bb), what is the probability of having a cat with white fur?
A. 100%
B. 0%
C. 75%
D. 25%
0%
A fixed location of a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located
LOCUS
Having identical genes (from one each parent) for particular characteristics
HOMOZYGOUS
Alleles of genes are of the same type
HOMOZYGOUS DOMINANT (PP)
Two identical alleles but recessive
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE (pp)
Having two different genes for particular characteristics
HETEROZYGOUS
The allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition
DOMINANT (heterozygous)
Malting that involves parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits)
DIHYBRID CROSS
Genetic cross that determines the zygosity of the parent of the parent for the trait
TEST CROSS
A cross with the phenotype of each sex reversed as composed with the original cross, to test the role of parental sex
RECIPROCAL CROSS
The similarities between reciprocal and test cross (3)
They are genetic crosses
They reveal genetic basis of traits
They involve a cross between two individual
Why you should choose pea plants?
ease in cultivations
Fast in generation time
Produce several seeds
Possesses various traits
EFPP
__________ are easily tracked because it is discontinuous
Variations
Austrian monk, born what is now Czech republic in 1822
Gregor Johann Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel is a son of a __________, studied ______ and was ordained priest Order ______
peasant farmer, theology, St. augustine
He also went to the university of _______, where he studied_______ and learned _________
VIENNA, BOTANY, SCIENTIFIC METHOD
He worked with pure lines of peas for ___________ years
EIGHT YEARS
Prior to Mendel, heredity was regarded as a “______” process and the offspring were “_______” of the different parental characteristics
BLENDING AND DILUTION
Is a belief or idea about inheritance before mendel put forward the mendelian inheritance pattern
BLENDING PROCESS
In _____ he published experiment is plants hybridization
1866
Gregor mendels 3 Law of inheritance
LAW OF DOMINANCE
LAW OF SEGREGATION
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Presented the result of his experiments on pea plants
1865
Is concerned with the transmission, expression, and evolution of genes, the molecules that control the function of development and ultimate appearance of individuals
GENES
His work was largely ignored for _____, until _____ when __ independent botanists discovered mendels work
34 YEARS UNTIL 1900 WHEN 3
Between ______ and ______, two major changes took place in biological science.
1866 AND 1900
First, by the turn of the cen- tury, not only had scientists discovered chromosomes, but they also had learned to understand chromosomal
movement during cell division.
1866
Second, biologists were
better prepared to handle mathematics by the turn of the
century than they were during Mendel’s time.
1900
Mendel worked with the common garden pea plant
PISUM SATIVUM
Parental generation
P
First filial; offspring from a genetic cross
F1
Second filial generation of a genetic cross
F2
Mendel observed _______tall and _____ dwarf plants for a ratio of ______
787 AND 277 AND RATIO OF 2.84:1.
Mendel looked at seven traits or characteristics of pea plants:
- SEED SHAPE
- SEED COLOR
- POD SHAPE
- POD COLOR
- POD LOCATION
- STEM LENGTH
- FLOWER COLOR
Round or wrinkled
SEED SHAPE
yellow or green
SEED COLOR
Full or constricted
POD SHAPE
green or yellow
POD COLOR
Axial pods and flowers along
stem (sides) or Terminal pods
and flowers on the top of stems
(nasa-dulo)
POD LOCATION
■ Tall or short (taas or pandak)
STEM LENGTH
Purple or white
FLOWER COLOR
Mendel assumed that each plant contained two determinants
GENES
was the first biologist to use
Mathematics – to explain his results
quantitatively
MENDEL
Melanin
SKIN COLOR
GROWTH
HEIGHT
Cysteine in proteins
CURLY
The simplest way to test the hypothesis is by
progeny testing
the phenotype of the heterozygote falls between those of the two homozygotes.
partial dominance (or incom-
plete dominance),
protein catalyst
ENZYME
Anther and filament
STAMEN
Offspring of the cross between two true-breeding parents
HYBRIDS
Geneticists and microbiologists have adopted schemes that re-
late to the wild-type; organisms commonly used in genetic
studies, the wild-type has red eyes and round wings (fruit flies)
DROSOPHILA
Alternatives to the wild-type are referred to as ________
MUTANTS
which states that alleles for onegene can segregate independently of alleles for other
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Occurs when the heterozygote phenotype is indistinguishable from that of the homozygous parent
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
Occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homzygous phenotypes
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
Occurs when the phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism
Co-dominance
