LESSON 2 - PRELIM Flashcards
1
Q
heredity
A
Gregor Mendel
2
Q
flies, linkage
A
Thomas Hunt Morgan
3
Q
1928: transformation and mice
A
Frederick Griffith
4
Q
1944: DNA as the transforming agent
A
Oswald Theodore Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn
McCarty
5
Q
late 40’s-early 50’s: base pairing=AT
CG
A
Erwin Chargaff
6
Q
(1952: DNA is not a
protein
A
Alfred Hershey-Martha Chase
7
Q
1953: chemical structure of DNA –
secondary structure: double-helix
A
Watson and Crick
8
Q
mid 1950’s: DNA Replication details:
semi-conservative replication model
A
Meselson-Stahl
9
Q
__________ in 1869
Isolated what he called nuclein from the nuclei of pus
cells
Nuclein was shown to have acidic properties, hence
it became called nucleic acid
A
Friedrich Miescher
10
Q
structure in the cell nucleus which is the visible
carrier of genetic information
A
Chromosomes
11
Q
portion of a chromosome that controlled a specific
inheritable trait
A
Genes
12
Q
carries information which directs the process of
protein synthesis
within the nucleic acids are the codes needed for
transcription and translation of proteins
A
Nucleic Acids
13
Q
________ (entire set of genes of an organism) size is based
on number of nucleotide pairs present
A
Genome
14
Q
Among eukaryotes, there is no
consistent relationship on the C-value (DNA content of
the genome) and the metabolic, developmental, or
behavioural complexity of the organism
A
C-value paradox
15
Q
Within the nucleus, __________are located (as pairs)
A
chromosomes
16
Q
___________ are tied together (by protein centromere)
A
Chromosomes
17
Q
(Telomeres)
A
Ends of the chromosome
18
Q
(genes are specific
portions of chromosome coding for a protein which
functions in various phase)
A
Within the chromosome are genes
19
Q
(DNA: double-helix
molecule containing base pair)
A
In the genes are nucleic acids
20
Q
Composition of Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids (repeating series of nucleotide)
A
Polymers (polynucleotides)
21
Q
Parts of Nucleotide
A
A five-membered ring monosaccharide
A nitrogen-containing cyclic compound (nitrogenous
bases)
A phosphate group
22
Q
Types of Nucleic Acids
A
DNA (genetic material – doesn’t function without
RNA)
RNA
23
Q
Sugars
A
2-deoxyribose (for DNA)
o 5th carbon – phosphate group
o 3rd – next nucleotide attached
Ribose (for RNA)
o 2nd carbon - oxygen
24
Q
Nitrogenous Base
A
Purines (2)
o Contains two-fused N-containing ring
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
25
Pyrimidines (3)
o Has one nitrogen-containing ring
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
26
Sugar + Base =
Nucleoside
27
Adenine + (deoxy)ribose =
(deoxy)adenosine
28
Guanine + (deoxy)ribose =
(deoxy)guanosine
29
Cytosine + (deoxy)ribose =
(deoxy)cytidine
30
Thymine + deoxyribose =
deoxythymidine
31
Uracil + ribose
uridine
32
nucleoside formed after combination of
adenine with ribose
Adenosine
33
NUCLEOSIDE + Phosphate =
NUCLEOTIDE (Tide labada)
34
Are the building blocks of nucleic acids
Monomers of the DNA and RNA polymers
Is a 5’-monophoshpate ester of a nucleoside
Are named by adding 5’-monophosphate at the end
of the name of the nucleoside
NUCLEOTIDE
35
Can add additional phosphate groups to form
diphosphate or triphosphate esters (necessary to
produce energy needed in transcription, translation
and repli)
Nucleotides
36
Bases Deoxyribonucleosides Deoxyribonucleotides
Adenine (A)
Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenosine 5’-
Monophosphate
(dAMP)
37
Bases Deoxyribonucleosides Deoxyribonucleotides
Guanine
(G)
Deoxyguanosine Deoxyguanosine 5’-
Monophosphate
(dGMP)
38
Bases Deoxyribonucleosides Deoxyribonucleotides
Cytosine
(C)
Deoxycytidine Deoxycytidine 5’-
Monophosphate
(dCMP)
39
Bases Deoxyribonucleosides Deoxyribonucleotides
Thymine
(T)
Deoxythymidine Deoxythymidine 5’-
Monophosphate
(dTMP)
40
Bases
Ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides
Adenine (A)
Adenine (A) Adenosine Adenosine 5’-
Monophosphate
(AMP)
41
Bases
Ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides
Guanine (G)
Guanine (G) Guanosine Guanosine 5’-
Monophosphate
(GMP)
42
Bases
Ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides
Cytosine (C)
Cytosine (C) Cytidne Cytidine 5’-
Monophosphate
(CMP)
43
Bases
Ribonucleosides Ribonucleotides
Uracil (U)
Uracil (U) Uridine Uridine 5’-
Monophosphate
(UMP)
44
the repeating sequence of nucleotides form its
primary structure (forming alternating ribose and
phosphate backbone – providing structural stability)
Primary Structure (from polymerization of monomers)
45
Based on:
o Chargaff rule
Secondary Structure
46
Obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice
Wilkins
Diagonal image: helical structure of DNA
X-ray diffraction photographs
47
A, T, G, and C (complimentary) are present
in equimolar quantities (refers to similarity in
molar concentration in DNA hydrolysis;
equal concentration)
If this 2 molecules are placed together, they
form hydrogen bonds
Similar molar concentration upon DNA
hydrolysis
Chargaff rule
48
o The 2 (single strand of DNA) polynucleotide
chains run in opposite directions
o One 5’ – OH and one 3’ – OH terminal
o Bases are hydrophobic (non polar, tucked
inside)
o Sugar phosphate backbone is hydrophilic (polar,
exposed to environment)
Double helix
49
Basic protein to w/c the DNA is coiled around
Higher Structure
50
Further arrangement of DNA in order to organize
them in the chromosomes
Nucleosome
51
11 base pairs before helix rotates
A form
52
10 base pairs before helix rotates
B form
53
_____ is rarest and is only obtained in experiments
Z form
54
________ was in
B form (common structure of DNA, followed by A)
X-ray photograph (Franklin and Wilkins) of DNA
55
3 forms of the helical structure of DNA: _____, _____, _______
A, B, Z
56
12 base pairs before helix rotates (glycosidic
bonds are anti and syn)
Z form
57
Single strand nucleic acids
Usually located outside the nucleus (but made inside the
nucleus and transported to cytoplasm to do its function)
The important intermediary player in the central dogma
The only genetic material of viruses (viruses are
classified as non-living things because it only has one
genetic material)
Ribonucleic Acids
58
Three Types of Ribonucleic Acids
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
59
Codes for protein
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
60
Forms the core of the ribosomes
Machinery for making proteins
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
61
Matches code for amino acid on mRNA and position
the right amino acid in place during protein synthesis
Transfers free amino acids to the polypeptide chain
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
62
RNA with enzymatic properties
Functions in mRNA splicing
Ribozyme
63
Types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
64
Carry the genetic information from the DNA in the
nucleus directly to the cytoplasm
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
65
Contains 73 to 93 nucleotides per chain
Can carry a single type of amino acid
Every amino acid have one tRNA carrier
There is at least one different tRNA for each of the
20 amino acids
Transports amino acids to the site of protein
synthesis in the ribosomes
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
66
Complementary to the codon present on the mRNA
(GCC)
Corresponds to the amino acid alanine
Amino acid is connected to the 3’ end of transfer RNA
Antiocodon: CGG
67
Structural formula of tRNA:
Yello and Blue
67
Structural formula of tRNA:
Yellow and Blue
68
Structural formula of tRNA:
nitrogenous
bases
Yellow
69
Structural formula of tRNA:
sugar
phosphate backbone
Blue
70
_________
complementary base pairs of mRNA
3 nitrogenous base pairs present at the end
of tRNA is complementary to the codon
present in mRNA
Each anticodon corresponds to a specific
type of amino acid carried by the tRNA
Anticodon arm
71
RNA that is complexed with proteins in ribosomes
Main component of ribosome
Complex machinery that is the site of protein
synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
72
2 subunits
of rRNA
________ catalyzes the peptide bond formation
___________ – binds mRNA and tRNA
1 large and 1 small
73
_________RNA with enzymatic capabilities
Catalytic RNA – they can catalyse different reactions
or initiate different reactions specifically splicing of
mRNA
Catalyse the splicing of mRNA – refers to the
process of removing unnecessary parts of the
mRNA for it to become more efficient in protein
synthesis
Ribozyme
74
_______ where mRNA will bind
Small subunit
75
_______ amino acids will combine in order to
form primary structure of proteins
Large subunit
76
_______ (unit used to determine the sedimentation
rate of the different molecules or compound
s = Svedberg unit
77
Coding sequence
Expressed sequence
Portion in the mRNA that codes for a specific amino
acid to make protein
Exons
78
Most important parts of tRNA
anticodon arm and acceptor arm
79
________ they can catalyse different reactions
or initiate different reactions specifically splicing of
mRNA
Catalytic RNA
80
________ refers to the
process of removing unnecessary parts of the
mRNA for it to become more efficient in protein
synthesis
Catalyse the splicing of mRNA
81
Noncoding sequence
Part in the RNA that has no purpose; do not code for
proteins
Intervening sequence
Where DNA analysis happens
- Identifies specific identity in a person using DNA
(to single out an individual they use introns)
- Because every individual have their own unique
sequence of introns
Introns
82
Occurs in the nucleus (to protect mRNA)
Information encoded in a DNA molecule is copied
into an mRNA molecule
Transcription
83
Information encoded in an mRNA molecule is used
to assemble a specific protein
Translation
84
acts as a “manager” in the process of making
proteins
DNA
85
Means to produce molecules that have the same base
seuquence
To distribute the DNA of the parent cells to its daughter
calls (cells die eventually – It needs to be passed to code
proteins)
Process that ensures the stability of an organism
Producing two identical replicas of DNA
DNA Replication
86
cell is metabolically active
G1 Phase
87
DNA Replication (8 hours for normal
somatic cells: body cells
S Phase
88
cell growth continues
G2 Phase
89
where the cell will divide
Mitotic phase
90
– phosphate is connected
5th carbon
91
2 H bonds
Adenine and Thymine
92
3 H bonds
Guanine and Cytosine
93
DNA Replication Models
Semiconservative Replication
Conservative Replication
Dispersive Replication
94
DNA Replication would create two molecules
Each of them would be a complex of an old
(parental) and a daughter strand
Newly formed molecules is composed of 1 strand
from parent and 1 strand from daughter.
Semiconservative Replication
95
DNA Replication process would create a brand new
DNA double helix made of two daughter strands
while the parental chains would stay together
Conservative Replication
96
Replication process would create two DNA doublechains, each of them with parts of both parent and
daughter molecules
Dispersive Replication
97
nitrogen weighing 15 amu
N15
98
nitrogen weighing 14 amu
N14
99
Meselsohn and Stahl Experiment 2 isotopes used
N15 and N14
100
Only one replication origin is
needed that is because the
chromosomes of prokaryotes are
simple
Prokaryotes
101
Multiple replication origins are
needed because the chromosomes
of eukaryotes are way more
complex than prokaryotes
Eukaryotic chromosomes have many
bubbles
-
102
Prokaryote specifically bacteria contain
extrachromosomal DNA which are called _______.
plasmids
103
Prokaryote specifically bacteria contain
extrachromosomal DNA
Rolling Circle Replication
104
There are 2 so called origin of the plasmid replication
Single Stranded Origin and Double Stranded Origin
105
Present on the separated DNA strand and
while the new DNA is being made for the
separated DNA strand the DNA template is
single stranded thus making it single
stranded
Single Stranded Origin
106
At this point the DNA is double stranded
before a new DNA strand was made
Double Stranded Origin
107
Unwinds the DNA double helix
- Helicase will cut the paired DNA strands.
Helicase is the equivalent of the UVR in the
Rolling Circle Replication
Helicase
108
Prevents supercoiling; relaxes the part of
the DNA that is not yet separated.
Topoisomerase
109
Breaks one DNA strand
and will connect another
strand to became a very
loose strand in a part of the
DNA.
- Although the DNA strand is
loose and can be coiled
again it will not be
supercoiled unlike before
- Prevents supercoiling in
the DNA strand
TYPE I Topoisomerase
110
Breaks double strands of
the DNA and pass another
loop over it
- Prevent supercoiling within
2 DNA pairs
TYPE II Topoisomerase
111
Synthesize short oligonucleotides (primers)
Primase
112
A.k.a. Processivity clamps allows the
leading strand to be threaded through.
- At the same time makes the process in the
leading strand efficient. This clamp protein
helps keep the replication protein in place.
Clamp Protein (PCNA/Proliferating Cell Nuclear
Antigen for Eukaryote
113
Joins the assembled nucleotides in order to
from nucleic acids
DNA polymerase
114
DNA Polymerase enzymatic activity (3)
Polymerase
(2) Exonuclease
Endonuclease
115
Polymerizing the new DNA
strand by adding
nucleotides
Polymerase
116
Break the sugar-phosphate
backbone in the end of a
nucleotide strand
- Proof reading capacity of
DNA polymerase.
- Nucleotides removed from
the ends
Exonuclease
117
Remove nucleotide from
the middle nucleotide
strand
- Internal cuts
Endonuclease
118
Joins Okazaki fragments in the lagging
strand
Ligase
119
The end-replication problem
Loss of DNA in each eukaryotic
replication cycle because of primer
overhangs
- The answer to this problem are
Telomeres
Termination
120
Regions of repetitive DNA close to
the ends and help prevent loss of
genes due to this shortening
- G-C rich
Telomeres
121
Binds and stabilizes the double -
stranded telomeric DNA
- Helps the overhangs to form
protective loops
Telomeric repeat-binding factor
122
Enzyme normally present on stem cells
and germ cells which catalyzes the
formation of telomeres
Telomerase
123
The number of cell division an
organism can make
- Caused by the limited and
consumable presence of telomeres
on somatic cells
Hayflick Limit
