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CYTOGENETICS - SECOND SEM > DNA REPLICATION > Flashcards

DNA REPLICATION Flashcards

1
Q

double stranded molecule

A

DNA

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2
Q

A nucleotide is composed of PSN

A

Phosphate group
Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen

A

Phosphate group

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4
Q

named as such because of the absence of oxygen atom at the 2 carbon

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose)

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5
Q

________ is directional, and this arises from the orientation of
the deoxyribose sugar

A

DNA

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6
Q

_____________forms the backbone of DNA

A

Sugar and phosphate

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7
Q

Refer to the 3’ and 5’ ends of the DNA

A

DNA BACKBONE

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8
Q

The base is connected to ________

A

1 carbon

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9
Q

The phosphate is connected to _________

A

5 carbon

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10
Q

The last trailing of the carbon is ______

A

3 - 5 ends of DNA

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11
Q

Nucleotides in the DNA backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between 3 and 5 carbons

A

ANTI PARALLEL STRANDS

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12
Q

Complementary strands run in ___________

A

opposite direction

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13
Q

One strand is ______ direction while the other strand is _________ direction

A

5 to 3 and 3 and 5

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14
Q

DNA molecule has ______

A

direction

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15
Q

Base pairing is present in the _________

A

DNA

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16
Q

The bases that occur in ________, ________, _______ and _______

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

AGCT

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17
Q

The _________ unique to the DNA that doesn’t occur in RNA

A

nitrogenous base

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18
Q

Base pairing in DNA

A

Purines
Pyrimidines
Pairing

PPP

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19
Q

Purines

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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20
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)

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21
Q

Pairing

A

A:T - 2 hydrogen bond Adenine and Thymine
C-G - 3 hydrogen bond Cytosine and Guanine

ATCG

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22
Q

2 hydogen bonds

A

A and T

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23
Q

3 hydrogen bonds

A

C and G

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24
Q

________ are weak bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

_________ is the process by which a double-stranded

A

DNA replication

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26
Q

____________is copied to produce two identical DNA
molecules

A

DNA molecule

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27
Q

Replication

A

copying

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28
Q

it produces 2 newly synthesized identical molecules DNA

A

DNA REPLICATION

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29
Q

There 3 several models about DNA replication:

A
  1. Semiconservative Replication
  2. Conservative Replication
  3. Dispersive Replication
30
Q

○ DNA replication would create two molecules
○ each of them would be a complex of an old
(parental) and a daughter strand.
○ example: Red from old & Blue from brand new

A
  1. Semiconservative Replication
31
Q

○ DNA replication process would create a brand new
DNA double helix made of two daughter strands
while the parental chains would stay together

A
  1. Conservative Replication
32
Q

○ Replication process would create two DNA
double-chains, each of them with parts of both
parent and daughter molecules
○ The old DNA double helix is shattered or
separated into pieces and the parts will join the
newly synthesized DNA
○ the new strands contain a part of the old and
daughter molecule

A
  1. Dispersive Replication
33
Q

__________ occurs during interphase of the cell cycle

A

Synthesis phases

34
Q

this is where the cells are growing, and are
performing cellular tasks and replicating

A

SYNTHESIS PHASE

35
Q

_________has to be copied before a cell divides

A

DNA

36
Q

__________first then Cell Division

A

DNA replication

37
Q

_________replicates about 50 bases per
second

A

Human DNA

38
Q

__________ is copied during the S or synthesis phase of
interphase

A

DNA

39
Q

___________ (bacteria) have a single bubble

A

Prokaryotes

40
Q

DNA replication happens simultaneously at both strands (in _’ - _’ and _’ - _’)

A

5-3
3-5

41
Q

Unwinds the DNA double helix
(unzipping enzyme)

A

HELICASE

42
Q

_______ chromosomes have MANY bubbles

A

Eukaryotic

43
Q

The correct model is the ____________
as was proven by the experimentation of Matthew Meselson
& Franklin Stahl

A

semiconservative DNA Replication

44
Q

Synthesizes short
oligonucleotides ( primers)
(initializer)
Creates primer so that the DNA
polymerase can figure out
where to go and start replication

A

PRIMASE

45
Q

Allows the leading strand to be
threaded through

A

CLAMP PROTEIN

46
Q

Joins the assembled
nucleotides
Acts as a builder

A

DNA POLYMERASE

47
Q

Joins Okazaki fragments in the
lagging strand
(Gluer)
Glues okazaki fragments
together

A

LIGASE

48
Q

There are several DNA polymerase: _____, ____, _____

A

1 2 3

49
Q

utilized in filling in small DNA
fragments during replication and repair when we add and
remove nucleotide one at

A

DNA Polymerase I:

50
Q

an alternative repair polymerase
used to replicate DNa if the template is damaged

A

DNA Polymerase II:

51
Q

major DNA polymerase used to
normal replication (primary polymerase)

A

DNA Polymerase II

52
Q

___________ is synthesized continuously as a single
strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork

A

The Leading Strand

53
Q

series of short segments on the lagging
strand

A

Okazaki Fragments

54
Q

– keep the strands separated after the helicase
has separated the 2 strands since there is a possibility
that they will join again

A

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins

55
Q

attach and keep the 2
DNA strands separated and untwisted

A

Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)

56
Q

link the bases of two DNA
strands

A

Hydrogen bonds

57
Q

the site where the DNA is locally
opened resembling a fork

A

Replication fork

58
Q

attracts complementary RNA nucleotides a
short piece of RNA called RNA primer
▪ synthesizes the prime

A

Primase

59
Q

built at the start of each segment of DNA to
be replicated
▪ attracts DNAP (DNA Polymerase) to decide
where it will add the DNA nucleotides
▪ before the new DNA strands could be formed

A

RNA primer

60
Q

▪ add new complementary bases
▪ DNA polymerase III
▪ If the base is cytosine, then in the new or
complementary strand it should be guanine.
▪ If the base is thymine, then in the new strand
the base should be adenine

A

Build daughter DNA strand

61
Q

Continuous synthesis

A

Leading Strand

62
Q

Okazaki fragments
Joined by ligase (aka “spot
welder” enzyme)

A

Lagging Strand

63
Q

derived from a Latin word which means “to
tie”
▪ joins the Okazaki fragments and will later on
seal the other nicks in sugar phosphate
backbone

A

Ligase

64
Q

will keep the two strands separated

A

SSB

65
Q

unwinds the DNA

A

Helicase –

66
Q

relax the tight supercoils

A

Topoisomerase

67
Q

– creates the primer

A

Primase

68
Q

will signal the start of base-pairing

A

Primer

69
Q

will add bases once there is primer

A

DNA polymerase III

70
Q

will join the fragments together

A

Ligase

CYTOGENETICS - SECOND SEM (9 decks)

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