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CYTOGENETICS - SECOND SEM > DNA REPLICATION > Flashcards

DNA REPLICATION Flashcards

1
Q

double stranded molecule

A

DNA

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2
Q

A nucleotide is composed of PSN

A

Phosphate group
Sugar (Deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous base

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3
Q

Phosphorous atom bonded to 4 oxygen

A

Phosphate group

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4
Q

named as such because of the absence of oxygen atom at the 2 carbon

A

Sugar (Deoxyribose)

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5
Q

________ is directional, and this arises from the orientation of
the deoxyribose sugar

A

DNA

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6
Q

_____________forms the backbone of DNA

A

Sugar and phosphate

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7
Q

Refer to the 3’ and 5’ ends of the DNA

A

DNA BACKBONE

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8
Q

The base is connected to ________

A

1 carbon

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9
Q

The phosphate is connected to _________

A

5 carbon

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10
Q

The last trailing of the carbon is ______

A

3 - 5 ends of DNA

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11
Q

Nucleotides in the DNA backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between 3 and 5 carbons

A

ANTI PARALLEL STRANDS

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12
Q

Complementary strands run in ___________

A

opposite direction

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13
Q

One strand is ______ direction while the other strand is _________ direction

A

5 to 3 and 3 and 5

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14
Q

DNA molecule has ______

A

direction

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15
Q

Base pairing is present in the _________

A

DNA

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16
Q

The bases that occur in ________, ________, _______ and _______

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

AGCT

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17
Q

The _________ unique to the DNA that doesn’t occur in RNA

A

nitrogenous base

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18
Q

Base pairing in DNA

A

Purines
Pyrimidines
Pairing

PPP

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19
Q

Purines

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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20
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)

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21
Q

Pairing

A

A:T - 2 hydrogen bond Adenine and Thymine
C-G - 3 hydrogen bond Cytosine and Guanine

ATCG

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22
Q

2 hydogen bonds

A

A and T

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23
Q

3 hydrogen bonds

A

C and G

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24
Q

________ are weak bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds

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25
_________ is the process by which a double-stranded
DNA replication
26
____________is copied to produce two identical DNA molecules
DNA molecule
27
Replication
copying
28
it produces 2 newly synthesized identical molecules DNA
DNA REPLICATION
29
There 3 several models about DNA replication:
1. Semiconservative Replication 2. Conservative Replication 3. Dispersive Replication
30
○ DNA replication would create two molecules ○ each of them would be a complex of an old (parental) and a daughter strand. ○ example: Red from old & Blue from brand new
1. Semiconservative Replication
31
○ DNA replication process would create a brand new DNA double helix made of two daughter strands while the parental chains would stay together
2. Conservative Replication
32
○ Replication process would create two DNA double-chains, each of them with parts of both parent and daughter molecules ○ The old DNA double helix is shattered or separated into pieces and the parts will join the newly synthesized DNA ○ the new strands contain a part of the old and daughter molecule
3. Dispersive Replication
33
__________ occurs during interphase of the cell cycle
Synthesis phases
34
this is where the cells are growing, and are performing cellular tasks and replicating
SYNTHESIS PHASE
35
_________has to be copied before a cell divides
DNA
36
__________first then Cell Division
DNA replication
37
_________replicates about 50 bases per second
Human DNA
38
__________ is copied during the S or synthesis phase of interphase
DNA
39
___________ (bacteria) have a single bubble
Prokaryotes
40
DNA replication happens simultaneously at both strands (in _’ - _’ and _’ - _’)
5-3 3-5
41
Unwinds the DNA double helix (unzipping enzyme)
HELICASE
42
_______ chromosomes have MANY bubbles
Eukaryotic
43
The correct model is the ____________ as was proven by the experimentation of Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl
semiconservative DNA Replication
44
Synthesizes short oligonucleotides ( primers) (initializer) Creates primer so that the DNA polymerase can figure out where to go and start replication
PRIMASE
45
Allows the leading strand to be threaded through
CLAMP PROTEIN
46
Joins the assembled nucleotides Acts as a builder
DNA POLYMERASE
47
Joins Okazaki fragments in the lagging strand (Gluer) Glues okazaki fragments together
LIGASE
48
There are several DNA polymerase: _____, ____, _____
1 2 3
49
utilized in filling in small DNA fragments during replication and repair when we add and remove nucleotide one at
DNA Polymerase I:
50
an alternative repair polymerase used to replicate DNa if the template is damaged
DNA Polymerase II:
51
major DNA polymerase used to normal replication (primary polymerase)
DNA Polymerase II
52
___________ is synthesized continuously as a single strand from the point of origin toward the opening replication fork
The Leading Strand
53
series of short segments on the lagging strand
Okazaki Fragments
54
– keep the strands separated after the helicase has separated the 2 strands since there is a possibility that they will join again
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins
55
attach and keep the 2 DNA strands separated and untwisted
Single-Stranded Binding Proteins (SSBs)
56
link the bases of two DNA strands
Hydrogen bonds
57
the site where the DNA is locally opened resembling a fork
Replication fork
58
attracts complementary RNA nucleotides a short piece of RNA called RNA primer ▪ synthesizes the prime
Primase
59
built at the start of each segment of DNA to be replicated ▪ attracts DNAP (DNA Polymerase) to decide where it will add the DNA nucleotides ▪ before the new DNA strands could be formed
RNA primer
60
▪ add new complementary bases ▪ DNA polymerase III ▪ If the base is cytosine, then in the new or complementary strand it should be guanine. ▪ If the base is thymine, then in the new strand the base should be adenine
Build daughter DNA strand
61
Continuous synthesis
Leading Strand
62
Okazaki fragments Joined by ligase (aka “spot welder” enzyme)
Lagging Strand
63
derived from a Latin word which means “to tie” ▪ joins the Okazaki fragments and will later on seal the other nicks in sugar phosphate backbone
Ligase
64
will keep the two strands separated
SSB
65
unwinds the DNA
Helicase –
66
relax the tight supercoils
Topoisomerase
67
– creates the primer
Primase
68
will signal the start of base-pairing
Primer
69
will add bases once there is primer
DNA polymerase III
70
will join the fragments together
Ligase

CYTOGENETICS - SECOND SEM (9 decks)

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