Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Emergency Response to Hazardous Material and Terrorism > nuclear/radiologic agents > Flashcards

nuclear/radiologic agents Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

objectives

A

-Explain the concepts of ionizing radiation and its
sources, properties, and units of measure.
-Recognize potential radiological/nuclear WMDs and
understand the scope and consequences of a
radiological/nuclear accident or terrorist incident
-Describe the recognition indicators and notification
requirements of a First Responder during a
radiological/nuclear WMD incident.
-To identify and initiate awareness level protective actions
at the scene to reduce radiation exposure and/or
contamination to themselves and others.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bombing of hiroshima and nagasaki

A

-more than 200,000 deaths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

radiation

A
  • energy emitted in the form of rays or particles
  • found in radioactive material
  • radioactive material is unstable
  • as the substance decays it gives off radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

sources of radiologic material

A
  • thousands of radioactive material are generally used to benefit humankind
  • once it has been used for its purpose, the leftover material is called radiologic waste
  • remains active but is no longer useful
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

atom structure

A
  • atoms are made up of:
  • Nucleus -Protons (P) and neutrons (N)
  • Electrons (e)
  • Protons- Number defines the element
  • Neutrons– Number defines the isotope
  • Electrons– Number determines the chemical properties of the element
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

radioactive atoms

A 
Atoms are either stable or unstable
-Stable – balanced
-Unstable - unbalanced (radioactive)
o Excess internal energy
o Radioactive/radionuclide
o Excess of neutrons or protons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

radioactive materials (RAMs)

A
  • any material containing unstable (radioactive) atoms:
  • solids
  • liquids
  • gases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

fissile material

A
  • radioactive material (RAM)
  • capable of nuclear fission (being split)
  • four types of uranium and plutonium are designated as fissile material for transportation purposes U-233 and U-235, Pu-239 and Pu-241
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

special nuclear material

A
  • special nuclear material- mildly radioactive, but in concentrated form, can be used as the ingredients of nuclear explosives
  • (Uranium-235 [U-235]), Plutonium-239 [Pu-239])
  • radioactive material (RAM)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

radiation

A

-non-ionizing and ionizing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

non ionizing

A
  • radio wave
  • microwave
  • infrared
  • radar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

ionizing

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma/x-ray
  • neutron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

energy emitted from a strong radiologic source has four categories

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma (x-rays)
  • neutron radiation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

alpha radiation

A

-range in air is 1-2 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

beta radiation

A
  • range in air is up to 30 feet

- most beta travels 10 feet or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gamma radiation

A

range in air is 100s of feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

two types of background radiation

A
  • natural

- man made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

natural background

A

->Cosmic
-Sun and outer space
-Differences in elevation
-Atmospheric conditions
-Earth’s magnetic field
• Average dose for cosmic radiation is 33 millirem/year
->Terrestrial
-rocks, soil, and sand
-radium, uranium, thorium, and potassium
-radon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

chronic dose is better than huge dose of radiation

A

-true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

radon

A
  • Responsible for most of the dose that
  • Americans receive each year
  • Odorless, tasteless, and invisible
  • Decay of naturally occurring uranium in soil and water
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Found in outdoor air and indoor air in buildings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

man made radiation

A
  • dental x-rays
  • CT scan
  • nuclear medicine
  • particle accelerator
  • industrial and commercial
  • consume products- smoke detector, glazed tiles
22
Q

radiation measurements

A
  • exposure
  • dose
  • contamination
  • R- roentgen
  • exposure- measure of ionization in air
  • exposure rate- measure of ionization produce in air per unit of time
23
Q

Rad

A

-radiation absorbed rate

24
Q

rem

A

-roentgen equivalent man

25
Q

dose

A

-measured in rem

26
Q

dose rate

A

-measured in rem/hr

27
Q

Internation system of units (SI)

A
  • the radiation units that are used may vary based of the discipline
  • response
  • medical national
  • international- border states may encounter SI units as part of federal repsonse
28
Q

exposure types: external exposures

A

-Radioactive source outside the body
-External exposure does not always result in contamination
-The person is exposed to X-rays via penetration but is
not contaminated by the radioactive source

29
Q

exposure types: internal exposure

A
  • Found in the human body
  • Water and organic matter
  • Ingested with food and water
  • Radeon inhale
30
Q

contamination

A
  • radioactive material is on a persons body or clothing and is emitting energy in the form of alpha, beta, gamma, and or neutron particles
  • must be on the person
  • scans do not contaminate the person
31
Q

contamination: decontamination

A 
-Washing, brushing, or using tape to clean 
exposed areas removes contaminants and 
reduces exposure.
-Brushing is most applicable for removal of 
fallout.
-Most hazardous particles are like fine 
sand-sized grains.
-removal of clothing* biggest factor
32
Q

exposure pathways

A
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • absorption
  • injection
33
Q

how does radiation affect the body

A
  • low exposure- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache
  • moderate exposure- first degree burns, hair loss, compromised immune system (death of white blood cells), and cancer
  • severe exposure- second and third degree burns, cancer, and death
34
Q

acute radiation dose

A
  • burns
  • cells dont have time to recover
  • burns from chemicals not so much radiological burns
  • radiological burns take a bit longer
35
Q

chronic radiation dose.

A
  • body has time to recover and replace cells
  • cancer
  • more susceptible to infection
36
Q

protective measures

A
  • time
  • distance
  • shielding
37
Q

response: gear

A
  • level C protective gear

- level C equivalent: bunker gear (firefighter gear)

38
Q

devices

A
  • Some radiation measuring devices include RadAlert50 (mR/h range), Ludlum (Rem/h range), or Canberra mini radiac (mR/h and Rem/h)
  • do not need to know the names
39
Q

radiologic dispersal devices (RDD)

A

-Any container designed to disperse radioactive material
-Generally, requires a bomb (dirty bomb)
-Has potential to injure with both
radioactive material and explosives
-Destructive capability is limited by explosives that are attached to it.
-not readily available -> not the best weapon for mass destruction bc you cant have a lot
-mostly just used for fear

40
Q

dirty bomb

A
  • doesn’t have nuclear fission- > no explosion

- just spread radiation

41
Q

radiologic exposure devices (RED)

A
  • targets specific population or person
  • may be hidden in public
  • exposes people to radiation
  • hidden sealed sources
42
Q

radiological incendiary device (RED)

A

-dirty fire

43
Q

improvised nuclear device (IND)

A
  • panic
  • fear
  • big scale
  • explosive
  • spreads radiation
  • used by terrorists
44
Q

incident command procedures for radiological emergency

A
  • life hazard
  • level of radiation
  • other hazards
  • risk versus benefit
  • 50 rem- lifesaving for a catastrophic event
  • 25 rem- lifesaving or protection of large populations
  • 10 rem- protection of major property
  • 5 rem- general operations at a radiological emergency
45
Q

managing life hazards

A
  • isolate
  • contain
  • evacuate- area surrounding too
  • decontaminate
  • emergency medical care
46
Q

decontamination corridor

A
  • emergency medical care
  • how should EMS personnel approach life threatening illness
  • in the warm zone
  • triage
47
Q

hot zone

A

-hazardous material

48
Q

warm zone

A

-decontamination corridor

49
Q

cold zone

A
  • incident commander

- command post

50
Q

special considerations

A

-Additional resources, mutual aid?
-Optimization of triage and treatment strategy?
-Hospital notification, Department of Health, Poison
Control Center
-Alternate modes of patient transportation?
-Transport of contaminated patients?
-Decontamination of personnel/members of service
(MOS)
-Monitoring and report of absorbed total radiation
dose of personnel/MO

Emergency Response to Hazardous Material and Terrorism (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions