Final Flashcards
1
Q
Radiation
A
- energy emitted in the form of rays or particles
- found in radioactive material
- radioactive material is unstable
- as the substance decays it gives off radiation -> unstable
- non-ionizing and ionizing
2
Q
Source of Radiologic Material
A
- thousands of radioactive material are generally used to benefit humankind
- once it has been used for its purpose, the leftover material is called radiologic waste
- remains active but is no longer useful
3
Q
Atomic Structure
A
- Protons- Number defines the element
- Neutrons– Number defines the isotope
- Electrons– Number determines the chemical properties of the element
- The sum of the protons and neutrons is the atomic mass of the atom.
4
Q
Radioactive Materials (RAM)
A
- any material containing unstable (radioactive) atoms:
- solids
- liquids
- Gasses
5
Q
Special Nuclear Material
A
- mildly radioactive, but can be used as the ingredients of nuclear explosives (in concentrated form)
- Uranium-235 [U-235]
- Plutonium-239 [Pu-239]
- radioactive material (RAM)
6
Q
Fissile Material
A
- radioactive material (RAM)
- capable of nuclear fission (being split)
- four types of uranium and plutonium are for transportation purposes
- U-233 and U-235
- Pu-239 and Pu-241
7
Q
Alpha
A
- ionizing
- range in air is 1-2 inches
- Stopped by paper.
- Least penetrative; dangerous to ingest
8
Q
Beta
A
- range in air is up to 30 feet
- most beta travels 10 feet or less
- Goes through paper, but is stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum.
9
Q
Gamma / X-Ray
A
- range in air is 100s of feet
- Goes through paper and thin sheets of aluminum, but is stopped by a thick sheet of lead.
10
Q
Neutron
A
- Range in the air is 100s of feet
- Goes through paper, thin sheets of aluminum, and thick sheets of lead, but is stopped by water and concrete.
- Most penetrative
11
Q
Ionizing Radiation
A
- any kind of radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom and turn it into an ion
- high frequency radiation
- not balances and shedding particles
- excited and sending particles out -> dangerous to us
12
Q
Non-Ionizing Radiation
A
- any kind of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum that does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom and turn it into an ion.
- low frequency
- radio wave
- Microwave
- Infrared
- Radar
13
Q
Type of Background Radiation
A
- man made
- natural
14
Q
Background Radiation: Natural Radiation
A
- COSMIC
- Sun and outer space
- Differences in elevation
- Atmospheric conditions
- Earth’s magnetic field
- Average dose for cosmic radiation is 33 millirem/year
- TERRESTRIAL
- rocks, soil, and sand
- radium, uranium, thorium, and potassium
- Radon
15
Q
Radon
A
- Responsible for most of the dose that Americans receive each year
- Odorless, tasteless, and invisible
- Decay of naturally occurring uranium in soil and water
- Ionizing radiation
- Found in outdoor air and indoor air in building
- comes from the soil
16
Q
Background Radiation: Man Made
A
- Industrial and commercial
- dental x-rays
- CT scan
- nuclear medicine
- particle accelerator
- consume products- smoke detector, glazed tiles
17
Q
R
A
-roentgen
18
Q
Exposure
A
measure of ionization in air
19
Q
Exposure Rate
A
measure of ionization produce in air per unit of time
20
Q
Rad
A
radiation absorbed rate
21
Q
Rem
A
roentgen equivalent man
-dose is measured in rem
22
Q
Dose Rate
A
measured in rem/hr
23
Q
The radiation units that are used may vary based on the discipline:
A
- Response
- Medical
- National
- International: Border states may encounter SI units as part of federal response
24
Q
Internal Radiation Exposure
A
- Found in the human body
- Water and organic matter
- Ingested with food and water
- Radeon inhale
25
Q
External Radiation Exposure
A
- Radioactive source outside the body
- External exposure does not always result in contamination
- The person is exposed to X-rays via penetration but is not contaminated by the radioactive source
26
Q
Exposure Pathways
A
- inhalation
- ingestion
- absorption
- injection
27
Q
Contamination
A
- radioactive material is on a person’s body or clothing and is emitting energy in the form of alpha, beta, gamma, and or neutron particles
- must be on the person
- scans do not contaminate the person -> just exposure
28
Q
Decontamination
A
- Washing, brushing, or using tape to clean exposed areas removes contaminants and reduces exposure.
- Brushing is most applicable for removal of fallout.
- Most hazardous particles are like fine sand-sized grains.
- removal of clothing* biggest factor
- routine post exposure decontamination- this is for first responders after the fact
- blot, strip, flush cover
29
Q
Acute Exposure
A
- burns
- cells dont have time to recover
- burns from chemicals not so much radiological burns
- radiological burns take a bit longer
- large exposure at one time causes the most dangerous effects on the body.
- May see burns, but those are most likely due to chemical damage not radiological.
30
Q
Chronic Radiation
A
- body has time to recover and replace cells
- cancer
- more susceptible to infection
31
Q
Low Dose Exposure
A
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache
32
Q
Moderate Exposure
A
first degree burns, hair loss, compromised immune system (death of white blood cells), and cancer
33
Q
Severe Exposure
A
second and third-degree burns, cancer, and death
34
Q
Exposure
A
The patient is in the immediate vicinity of a substance, but the hazard has not made it into the body (ex. Exposure to x-rays)
35
Q
Protective Measures
A
- time
- distance
- shielding- use of at least level C protective suits.
36
Q
Level C Protective Gear
A
- level C equivalent: bunker gear (firefighter gear)
- type of airborne substance is known, concentration measured, criteria for using air purifying respirators met, and skin and eye exposure is unlikely
- full face or half mask air purifying respirator
- less respiratory protection than A and B, same skin protection as B
- air purifying respiratory (APR) or powdered air purifying respirator (PAPR)
37
Q
Level A Protective Gear
A
- not protected from heat or radiation
- SCBA- positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
- positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA
- highest level of skin and respiratory protection
- fully encapsulation suit
- self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR)
- pathogens will penetrate overtime
38
Q
Level B Protective Gear
A
- highest level of respiratory protection but a lesser level of skin and eye protection
- minimum recommended level on initial site entry.
- SCBA: positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
- positive-pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA
- self containing breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR)
39
Q
Level D Protective Gear
A
- general work outfit with glasses and gloves if required
- nuisance contamination and requires only coveralls and safety shoes/boots
- base other PPE use such as gloves or eye protection on the situation
40
Q
Radiologic Dispersal Devices (RDD)
A
- Any container designed to disperse radioactive material
- Generally, requires a bomb (dirty bomb)
- Has potential to injure with both radioactive and explosives
- Destructive capability is limited by explosives that are attached to it.
- not readily available -> not the best weapon for mass destruction bc you cant have a lot
- mostly just used for fear
41
Q
Radiologic Exposure Devices (RED)
A
- Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge.
- May be hidden in public places
- targets specific population or person
- hidden sealed sources
42
Q
Dirty Bomb
A
- doesn’t have nuclear fission- > no explosion
- just spreads radiation
- bomb with radiation
43
Q
Radiologic Exposure Devices (RED)
A
- Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge.
- May be hidden in public places
- targets specific population or person
- hidden sealed sources
44
Q
Radiological Incendiary Device (RID)
A
- dirty fire
- Fires spread very fast and are used to delay first responders’ response.
- Not useful in biological incidents because the fire will kill the agent
45
Q
Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)
A
- Cause panic, fear
- big scale
- explosive
- spreads radiation
- used by terrorists
- Cause catastrophic event
- cause higher doses of internal and external radiation*
46
Q
Managing Life Hazards
A
- isolate
- contain
- evacuate- area surrounding too
- decontaminate
- emergency medical care
47
Q
Hot Zone
A
- hazardous material
- initiate public protection actions
- restrict unnecessary personnel from entering the hot zone
- primary triage in the hot zone
48
Q
Warm Zone
A
-decontamination corridor
49
Q
Cold Zone
A
- incident commander
- command post
- secondary triage
- wait for additional resources
- green zone
50
Q
Decision Dose -> Emergency Activity Performed
A
- life hazard
- level of radiation
- other hazards
- risk versus benefit
- 50 rem- lifesaving for a catastrophic event
- 25 rem- lifesaving or protection of large populations
- 10 rem- protection of major property
- 5 rem- general operations at a radiological emergency
51
Q
Decay
A
- radioactive material tries to stabilize itself by changing its structure in a natural process called
- never can be balanced -> starts to decay
52
Q
Effect of Radiation Exposure Effect
A
- type of radiation
- duration of the exposure
- age
- NOT time of day*
53
Q
Three Sources of Background Radiation
A
- radon
- medical x-rays
- soil
54
Q
MAD
A
- mutually assured destruction
- arms race
- everyone has weapons but doesn’t use them
55
Q
1945
A
- only one nuclear power
- the US
56
Q
According to the Ted Talk, Surviving a Nuclear Attack by Irwind Redlener, after a nuclear blast, you have about ____ minutes before a lethal amount of radiation comes down
A
10-20
57
Q
True of False: Regardless of a patient contamination status, emergency medical stabilization and resuscitation should come first and should not be delayed to perform decontamination
A
True
58
Q
Half Life
A
-the amount of time it takes the material to reduce the amount of radiation it emits by half
59
Q
____ is/are more sensitive to radiation
A
-cells that are actively dividing
60
Q
Scene Management Challenges
A
- crowd control
- resources
- biohazards, radiological and toxic
61
Q
Preparedness
A
- mitigation
- when on the scene of an incident, you must rely on training and reference sources
- know how and when to access specific toxicologic information
- understand how a hazardous materials scene is organized and where you fit in
- know where to find the emergency response plan in your facility
62
Q
General Considerations for Scene Management
A
- emergency operations must be conducted in a structured, consistent manner
- strong emphasis is placed on standard operating procedures (SOPs)
- it is critical to ensure your own safety
- it may not be possible to identify what hazards are present
- warning signs include:
- signs and symptoms from patients
- placards and labels
63
Q
If you suspect an attack…
A
- ensure scene safety and personal safety
- notify dispatch and/or supervisor
- request additional specialized resources
- establish or coordinate with command
- initiate mass casualty incident procedures
64
Q
Mass Causality Procedures
A
- approach scene with caution and UPWIND
- carry out scene assessment
- establish incident command (each responding agency)
- recognize signs and indicators of CBRN incidents
- determine whether CBRN or hazardous material incident
- estimate the number of causalities/victims
- estimate resource requirements (certain hospitals dont take certain trauma patients -> OB)
- carry out primary triage, decontamination, secondary triage, medical care, and transport
- consider specialist advice/resource requirements
65
Q
CBRN
A
The CBRN Responder Network is a single, secure platform for all chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incident data-sharing and multi-hazard event management, integrating multiple federal assets and national-level policy guidelines.
66
Q
Pre-Arrival Information
A
- pre-arrival information
- size up begins with dispatch
- the name, location, and nature of the incident help the first responders anticipate what might be happening at the scene
67
Q
Scene Size Up
A
- sizing up the incident
- size up is a systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate a situation
- the end result is an incident action plan (IAP)
- an experienced provider will adjust the plan as more information becomes available
68
Q
Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process
A
- Facts- things that are known about the incident including time of day, weather, location of the incident, and resources
- Probabilities- things that are likely to happen or can be anticipated
- Situation
- Decision
- Plan of Operation- plan of mitigation for the incident.
69
Q
Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process: Situation
A
- the situation assessment involves 3 considerations:
- are the resources on scene and en route sufficient to handle the incident
- what are the specific capabilities and limitations of responding resources (equipment) in relation to the problem
- what are the specific capabilities and limitations of the personnel based on training and experience
70
Q
Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process: Decision
A
- make a judgement call
- be decisive
- plan is dynamic -> change plan if you need to
- gather the facts before your decision
- are there enough resources responding to and on the scene to mitigate the situation
- are there sufficient resources available and do conditions allow for an interior attack
- what is the most effective assignment of on scene resources
- what is the most effective assignment of responding resources
71
Q
Operation Goal
A
- life safety
- incident control/stabilization
- environmental protection
- systems/infrastructure protection
- property protection
- mode of operation
72
Q
Operation Actions
A
- make immediate contact with incident commander for coordination
- isolate the area upwind and uphill initially
- > then in specified directions as per the incident commander or hazmat team
- identify a safe staging location for incoming units
- give access and egress to these units if necessary
- mobilization points for resources may be set up away from the scene and resources deployed as necessary
73
Q
Utilize Resources for…
A
- identification- of hazards
- evacuation
- emergency medical care- what kind
74
Q
Assess Initial Isolation/Standoff Distances
A
- green section of ERG
- specific to chemical
75
Q
When to use Control Zones
A
- mitigate damage and increase safety
- explosive devices
- chemical or biological contamination or dispersion devices
- potential radioactive contamination
76
Q
Perimeter Control Factors
A
-amount of available resources
-self protection capabilities
-size and configuration of the incident
-incident stability
-requires the use of scene evaluation to determine appropriate distances required to isolate the incident from unaffected individuals ->
Staging, Access routes, Egress routes
77
Q
Access and Egress Routes
A
- establish
- maintain
- do not block other vehicles in
- drop off and pick up
- keep equipment away that restricts other people
- access routes- routes for incoming personnel to reach the scene
- egress routes- routes for outgoing personnel to exit the scene with the affected victims.
78
Q
Staging
A
- initial emergency responders
- uphill and upwind
- avoid bottleneck- you need to get in and out
- additional resources
- establish staging area
- location
- size
79
Q
Special Awareness of Responders
A
- be alert for, and warn on scene personnel of, secondary devices
- be aware
- it is extremely important that first responders not become victims
- command and control will quickly disintegrate
- fear
- First responders should be aware of the possibility for secondary devices.
- Secondary devices: additional bombs/WMDs that are meant to harm the medical personnel coming to treat the people affected by the primary device.
80
Q
Criminal Scene
A
- be aware
- protect yourself
- your items on you can become evidence
- remember what you saw, and where you went -> this is not primary concern
- saving lives in primary concern
81
Q
Medical Sector
A
- size up
- strategy
- tactics
- largest component of the incident command system (ICS) involving incident command and victim care
- supervisor -> treatment, triage, transport
- treatment -> support
- transport -> hospital coordinator
82
Q
Mass Casuality Incident
A
- not enough resources to mitigate
- any incident that exceeds medical care facilities resources within a specific geographic area
- doesnt matter if you can handle it or not via skill -> you do not have enough resources
- exact numbers of patients required to exceed this capability may vary
- may vary within a specific area dependent on a number of factors
- ex. if three people get shot and you only have 2 tourniquets -> MCI
83
Q
Initial Actions: Medical Sector
A
- supervisor
- request dedicated EMS staging officer
- determine need for medical staff PPE
- request safety officer for medical sector
84
Q
Medical Sector: Treatment Zones and Treatment Support
A
- may need to establish treatment zones
- requires the most medical personnel
- established prior to 1st arriving victims
- not hot zone preferably
- treatment support:
- provides medical supply support to teams
- provides pharmaceutical support to teams
85
Q
Medical Sector: Transportation Area
A
- determines victim transport needs
- determines initial assessment of area hospital medical care capability
- determines the need to activate national disaster medical system NDMS
86
Q
Medical Sector: Transportation: Hospital Coordinator
A
- determines the need to activate NDMS (national disaster medical system)
- NDMS- assist hospitals in incidents
- coordinate patient allocation
- hospital coordinator decides to deploy or not
87
Q
Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)
A
- treatment
- transportation
- triage
- establish support for these zones- early hospital assessment is crucial for control and NDMS
- PPE upon arrival
88
Q
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
A
- identifies communication and information management to ensure that the common operating picture and systems interoperability provide the framework to achieve this goal.
- The common operating picture assists with maintaining overall awareness and understanding of the incident across jurisdictions and disciplines.
- Information sharing also lends vital support in achieving total interoperability
89
Q
Incident Command System (ICS)
A
- management system (not just a chart)
- standardized management tool for meeting the demands of small or large emergency or nonemergency situations
- “best practices” for emergency management -> standard
- for planned events, natural disasters, acts of terrorism
- part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)
- applies to all levels of government
- incident commander
- safety officer, liaison officer, public information officer
- operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration
- flexible (not beyond standard) and scalable
90
Q
National Incident Management System (NIMS)
A
- consistent framework for incident management at all jurisdictional levels regardless of size, cause, or complexity of incident
- for terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other emergencies
91
Q
Components of NIMS
A
- resource management
- command and coordination
- communications and information management
92
Q
NIMS: Resource Management
A
- standard mechanisms to systematically manage resources
- personnel, equipment, supplies, team, facilities
- allows organizations to effectively share resources when needed
- before and after incidents
93
Q
NIMS: Command and Coordination
A
- describes leadership roles, processes, and recommended organization structures for incident management at the operational and incident support levels
- explains how these structures interact to manage incidents
94
Q
NIMS: Communications and Information Management
A
-describes systems and methods that help ensure that incident personnel and decision makers have the means and information needed to make and communication decisions
95
Q
NIMS Management Characteristics: Incident Action Planning
A
- guides incident management activities
- record and communicate incident objectives, tactics, and assignments for operations and support
- recommended for all incidents
- not always written but important when:
- its likely to extend beyond one operational period
- becomes more complex
- involves multiple jurisdictions or agencies
96
Q
NIMS Management Characteristics: Manageable Span of Control
A
- number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor
- ensures effective incident management by enabling supervisors to direct and supervise subordinates and communicate and manage resources
- 1 supervisor to 5 subordinates -> 1:5
- redistribute when unmanageable
- depends on distances between personnel and resources
97
Q
NIMS Management Characteristics: Unified Command
A
- sometimes the incident command is performed by a unified command
- used when:
- multiple jurisdictions
- single jurisdiction with multiagency involvement
- multiple jurisdictions with multiagency involvement
- does not affect individual agency authority, responsibility, or accountability
- no one “commander”
- allocates resources regardless of ownership or location
- multiple agencies can makeup a unified command
98
Q
NIMS Management Characteristics: Chain of Command and Unity of Command
A
- orderly command hierarchy within an incident management organization
- each individual report to only one designated supervisor
99
Q
Orderly Line of Authority
A
-used for the flow of task assignments and resources requests
100
Q
Unity of Command
A
-each individual involved in incident operations will be assigned and will report to only one supervisor
101
Q
Chain of Command and Unity of Command
A
- ensure that clear reporting relationships exist and avoid confusion caused by multiple conflicting leaders
- incident managers must control the actions of all people under their supervision
- clear up potential communication problems
102
Q
Unity of Command vs Unified Command
A
- unity of command- clear up potential communication problems
- unified command- -sometimes replaces incident command when there are multiple jurisdictions involved
- unified command maintains unity of command by reporting to only 1 supervisor
103
Q
Unified Command
A
- enables all agencies to manage an incident together by having a common set of incident objectives and strategies
- allows ICs to make joint decisions by having a single command structure/post
- maintains unity of command -> each employee reports to 1 supervisor
- no agency’s legal authorities will be compromised or neglected
104
Q
Formal Communication
A
- follows lines of authority but information can be passed horizontally or vertically without restriction
- must be used when:
- receiving and giving work assignments
- requesting support or resources
- reporting progress of tasks
- other information exchange that is passed horizontally or vertically without restriction is informal communication
105
Q
Informal Communication
A
- used to exchange incident or event information only
- NOT used for formal requests for resources of tasking work assignments -> this is formal communication
- ex. communications unit leader contacts resources unit leader to determine # of people requiring communication devices
106
Q
Communication Responsibilities
A
- brief
- debrief
- communicate hazards
- acknowledge messages
- ask if they do not know
- face-to-face preferably
107
Q
Briefing
A
- task -> what is to be done
- purpose -> why it is to be done
- end state -> how it should look when done
108
Q
Incident Management Assessment
A
- allow employees and leaders to discover what happened and why
- corrective action report/after-action review (AAR)
- debriefing
- post-incident critique
- mitigation plans
109
Q
ICS Structure
A
- incident commander
- command staff- liaison officer (coordinates with reps from cooperating agencies), public information officer (interface with public and media), safety officer
- general staff- operations section chief, planning section chief, logistics section chief, finance/administration section chief
110
Q
Incident Commander
A
- responsible for incident activities, including strategies and tactics and the ordering and the release of resources
- has overall authority for conducting incident operations and is responsible for the management of all incident operations at the incident site
- scope of authority is derived from existing law, agency policy, procedures, or through delegation of authority from agency administrator or elected official
111
Q
Liaison Office
A
- member of the command staff
- responsible for coordinating with representatives from cooperating and assisting agencies
- liaison office may have assistants
112
Q
Public Information Officer
A
- member of the command staff
- responsible for interfacing with the public and media or with other agencies with incident related information requirements
113
Q
Safety Officer
A
- member of the command staff
- responsible for monitoring and assessing safety hazards or unsafe situations
- develop measures for ensuring personnel safety
- safety officer may have assistants
114
Q
Operation Section
A
- responsible for all tactical operations at the incident
- includes:
- branch- functional, geographical, or jurisdictional responsibility for major part of incident operations
- division- responsible for operations within a define geographical area
- group- divide the incident into functional areas of operation
- unit-responsible for a specific incident planning, logistics, or finance activity
- task force- group of resources with common communications and a leader that may be preestablished and sent to an incident or formed at an incident
- strike team/resource team- specified combination of the same kind and type of resources, with common communications and a leader
- single resource- an person, piece of equipment and its personnel complement, or an established crew with an identified work supervisor that can be used on an incident
115
Q
Planning Section
A
-responsible for collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information related to the incident, and for the preparation and documentation of the incident action plan
-maintains information on current and forecasted situations and status of resources assigned to the incident
-includes:
-situation
-resources
-documentation
-demobilization units
-technical specialists
-
116
Q
Mutual Aid
A
- agreements establish the legal basis for 2 or more entities to share resources
- may authorize mutual aid between 2 or more neighboring communities among all jurisdictions within a state, between states, between federal agencies, and/or internationally
- jurisdictions should be party to agreements with the appropriate jurisdictions and/or organizations from which they expect to receive, or to which they expect to provide, assistance
- voluntary provision of resources by agencies or organization to assist each other when existing resources are inadequate
- allows jurisdiction to share resources among mutual aid partners
117
Q
Mutual Aid Topics
A
- reimbursement- either paid or unpaid (based on providing reciprocal services
- recognition of licensure and certification- guidelines to ensure recognition of licensure across geopolitical boundaries
- procedures for mobilization (request, dispatch, and response)- specific procedures to request and dispatch resources through mutual aid
- protocol for voice and data interoperability- protocols for how different communications and IT systems share information
- protocol for resource management- standard templates for packaging resources based on NIMS resource typing definitions and/or local inventory systems
118
Q
Mutual Aid: All Levels
A
- used at all levels of government
- local jurisdiction participate in mutual aid through agreements with neighboring jurisdictions
- states can participate in mutual aid through Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)
- federal agencies offer mutual aid to each other and to states, tribes, and territories under the National Response Framework (NRF)
119
Q
Effective Incident Objectives
A
- must be:
- specific and state what to accomplish
- measurable and include a standard and timeframe
- attainable and reasonable
- in accordance with the incident commanders’ authorities
- evaluated to determine effectiveness of strategies and tactics
- ex. establish a controlled perimeter around the incident within 45 minutes (by 6 PM)
120
Q
Evaluation Elements for Triage and Countermeasures (VIDEO)
A
- laboratory testing
- radiation survey with detection equipment
- focused radiation exposure history including assessment for adverse health effects
- measures presence, type, and dose of internal radiation
- internal exposure is apparent when a spot continues to be contaminated after multiple decontaminations
- whole body counting- technology to measure internal exposure
- serial lymphocyte count (low indicates radiation) and cytogenetic biodosimetry measure the amount of radiation dose absorbed
- prodromal symptoms, lab results, and injury status determine resource management
- severe prodromal symptoms -> fever, shock, LOC, nausea, diarrhea -> do not allocate resources bc probably will die
- potassium iodide (prevent incorporation into thyroid), DTPA, and prussian blue insoluble (excreted radiation out), and colony stimulating factor (regeneration of bone marrow) -> medications that help rid of internal radiation
- Radiation survey w/ detection equipment -> Completed ASAP.
121
Q
Surviving Nuclear Attack (Irwin Redlener) Video
A
- 1949- Russia becomes a nuclear power
- Totally dependent on (M.A.D.) → Mutually assured destruction -> If you attack we both die
- not enough bomb shelter, treatment, providers, resources
- 1991- threat for war gone but single event is still in question
- 4 components to nuclear threat: Global nuclear weapons is not secure and material is available, Global stockpile of HEU; 1,300 - 2,100 metric tons , resources on how to build nuclear weapons, Evil do-ers are organized, dedicated, stateless, and retaliation proof.
- You have 10-20 minutes to get away if you survived a nuclear attack
- Shelter for 48-72 hrs
