Final Flashcards

Question

External Radiation Exposure

Answer 1

- Radioactive source outside the body - External exposure does not always result in contamination - The person is exposed to X-rays via penetration but is not contaminated by the radioactive source

Answer 2

- inhalation - ingestion - absorption - injection

Answer 3

- radioactive material is on a person's body or clothing and is emitting energy in the form of alpha, beta, gamma, and or neutron particles - must be on the person - scans do not contaminate the person -> just exposure

Answer 4

- Washing, brushing, or using tape to clean exposed areas removes contaminants and reduces exposure. - Brushing is most applicable for removal of fallout. - Most hazardous particles are like fine sand-sized grains. - removal of clothing* biggest factor - routine post exposure decontamination- this is for first responders after the fact - blot, strip, flush cover

Answer 5

- burns - cells dont have time to recover - burns from chemicals not so much radiological burns - radiological burns take a bit longer - large exposure at one time causes the most dangerous effects on the body. - May see burns, but those are most likely due to chemical damage not radiological.

Answer 6

- body has time to recover and replace cells - cancer - more susceptible to infection

Answer 7

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache

Answer 8

first degree burns, hair loss, compromised immune system (death of white blood cells), and cancer

Answer 9

second and third-degree burns, cancer, and death

Answer 10

The patient is in the immediate vicinity of a substance, but the hazard has not made it into the body (ex. Exposure to x-rays)

Answer 11

- time - distance - shielding- use of at least level C protective suits.

Answer 12

- level C equivalent: bunker gear (firefighter gear) - type of airborne substance is known, concentration measured, criteria for using air purifying respirators met, and skin and eye exposure is unlikely - full face or half mask air purifying respirator - less respiratory protection than A and B, same skin protection as B - air purifying respiratory (APR) or powdered air purifying respirator (PAPR)

Answer 13

- not protected from heat or radiation - SCBA- positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) - positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA - highest level of skin and respiratory protection - fully encapsulation suit - self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR) - pathogens will penetrate overtime

Answer 14

- highest level of respiratory protection but a lesser level of skin and eye protection - minimum recommended level on initial site entry. - SCBA: positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) - positive-pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA - self containing breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR)

Answer 15

- general work outfit with glasses and gloves if required - nuisance contamination and requires only coveralls and safety shoes/boots - base other PPE use such as gloves or eye protection on the situation

Answer 16

- Any container designed to disperse radioactive material - Generally, requires a bomb (dirty bomb) - Has potential to injure with both radioactive and explosives - Destructive capability is limited by explosives that are attached to it. - not readily available -> not the best weapon for mass destruction bc you cant have a lot - mostly just used for fear

Answer 17

- Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge. - May be hidden in public places - targets specific population or person - hidden sealed sources

Answer 18

- doesn't have nuclear fission- > no explosion - just spreads radiation - bomb with radiation

Answer 19

- Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge. - May be hidden in public places - targets specific population or person - hidden sealed sources

Answer 20

- dirty fire - Fires spread very fast and are used to delay first responders’ response. - Not useful in biological incidents because the fire will kill the agent

Answer 21

- Cause panic, fear - big scale - explosive - spreads radiation - used by terrorists - Cause catastrophic event - cause higher doses of internal and external radiation*

Answer 22

- isolate - contain - evacuate- area surrounding too - decontaminate - emergency medical care

Answer 23

- hazardous material - initiate public protection actions - restrict unnecessary personnel from entering the hot zone - primary triage in the hot zone

Answer 24

-decontamination corridor

Answer 25

- incident commander - command post - secondary triage - wait for additional resources - green zone

Answer 26

- life hazard - level of radiation - other hazards - risk versus benefit - 50 rem- lifesaving for a catastrophic event - 25 rem- lifesaving or protection of large populations - 10 rem- protection of major property - 5 rem- general operations at a radiological emergency

Answer 27

- radioactive material tries to stabilize itself by changing its structure in a natural process called - never can be balanced -> starts to decay

Answer 28

- type of radiation - duration of the exposure - age - NOT time of day*

Answer 29

- radon - medical x-rays - soil

Answer 30

- mutually assured destruction - arms race - everyone has weapons but doesn't use them

Answer 31

- only one nuclear power | - the US

Answer 32

-the amount of time it takes the material to reduce the amount of radiation it emits by half

Answer 33

-cells that are actively dividing

Answer 34

- crowd control - resources - biohazards, radiological and toxic

Answer 35

- mitigation - when on the scene of an incident, you must rely on training and reference sources - know how and when to access specific toxicologic information - understand how a hazardous materials scene is organized and where you fit in - know where to find the emergency response plan in your facility

Answer 36

- emergency operations must be conducted in a structured, consistent manner - strong emphasis is placed on standard operating procedures (SOPs) - it is critical to ensure your own safety - it may not be possible to identify what hazards are present - warning signs include: - signs and symptoms from patients - placards and labels

Answer 37

- ensure scene safety and personal safety - notify dispatch and/or supervisor - request additional specialized resources - establish or coordinate with command - initiate mass casualty incident procedures

Answer 38

- approach scene with caution and UPWIND - carry out scene assessment - establish incident command (each responding agency) - recognize signs and indicators of CBRN incidents - determine whether CBRN or hazardous material incident - estimate the number of causalities/victims - estimate resource requirements (certain hospitals dont take certain trauma patients -> OB) - carry out primary triage, decontamination, secondary triage, medical care, and transport - consider specialist advice/resource requirements

Answer 39

The CBRN Responder Network is a single, secure platform for all chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incident data-sharing and multi-hazard event management, integrating multiple federal assets and national-level policy guidelines.

Answer 40

- pre-arrival information - size up begins with dispatch - the name, location, and nature of the incident help the first responders anticipate what might be happening at the scene

Answer 41

- sizing up the incident - size up is a systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate a situation - the end result is an incident action plan (IAP) - an experienced provider will adjust the plan as more information becomes available

Answer 42

- Facts- things that are known about the incident including time of day, weather, location of the incident, and resources - Probabilities- things that are likely to happen or can be anticipated - Situation - Decision - Plan of Operation- plan of mitigation for the incident.

Answer 43

- the situation assessment involves 3 considerations: - 1. are the resources on scene and en route sufficient to handle the incident - 2. what are the specific capabilities and limitations of responding resources (equipment) in relation to the problem - 3. what are the specific capabilities and limitations of the personnel based on training and experience

Answer 44

- make a judgement call - be decisive - plan is dynamic -> change plan if you need to - gather the facts before your decision - 1. are there enough resources responding to and on the scene to mitigate the situation - 2. are there sufficient resources available and do conditions allow for an interior attack - 3. what is the most effective assignment of on scene resources - 4. what is the most effective assignment of responding resources

Answer 45

- life safety - incident control/stabilization - environmental protection - systems/infrastructure protection - property protection - mode of operation

Answer 46

- make immediate contact with incident commander for coordination - isolate the area upwind and uphill initially - > then in specified directions as per the incident commander or hazmat team - identify a safe staging location for incoming units - give access and egress to these units if necessary - mobilization points for resources may be set up away from the scene and resources deployed as necessary

Answer 47

- identification- of hazards - evacuation - emergency medical care- what kind

Answer 48

- green section of ERG | - specific to chemical

Answer 49

- mitigate damage and increase safety - explosive devices - chemical or biological contamination or dispersion devices - potential radioactive contamination

Answer 50

-amount of available resources -self protection capabilities -size and configuration of the incident -incident stability -requires the use of scene evaluation to determine appropriate distances required to isolate the incident from unaffected individuals -> Staging, Access routes, Egress routes

Answer 51

- establish - maintain - do not block other vehicles in - drop off and pick up - keep equipment away that restricts other people - access routes- routes for incoming personnel to reach the scene - egress routes- routes for outgoing personnel to exit the scene with the affected victims.

Answer 52

- initial emergency responders - uphill and upwind - avoid bottleneck- you need to get in and out - additional resources - establish staging area - location - size

Answer 53

- be alert for, and warn on scene personnel of, secondary devices - be aware - it is extremely important that first responders not become victims - command and control will quickly disintegrate - fear - First responders should be aware of the possibility for secondary devices. - Secondary devices: additional bombs/WMDs that are meant to harm the medical personnel coming to treat the people affected by the primary device.

Answer 54

- be aware - protect yourself - your items on you can become evidence - remember what you saw, and where you went -> this is not primary concern - saving lives in primary concern

Answer 55

- size up - strategy - tactics - largest component of the incident command system (ICS) involving incident command and victim care - supervisor -> treatment, triage, transport - treatment -> support - transport -> hospital coordinator

Answer 56

- not enough resources to mitigate - any incident that exceeds medical care facilities resources within a specific geographic area - doesnt matter if you can handle it or not via skill -> you do not have enough resources - exact numbers of patients required to exceed this capability may vary - may vary within a specific area dependent on a number of factors - ex. if three people get shot and you only have 2 tourniquets -> MCI

Answer 57

- supervisor - request dedicated EMS staging officer - determine need for medical staff PPE - request safety officer for medical sector

Answer 58

- may need to establish treatment zones - requires the most medical personnel - established prior to 1st arriving victims - not hot zone preferably - treatment support: - provides medical supply support to teams - provides pharmaceutical support to teams

Answer 59

- determines victim transport needs - determines initial assessment of area hospital medical care capability - determines the need to activate national disaster medical system NDMS

Answer 60

- determines the need to activate NDMS (national disaster medical system) - NDMS- assist hospitals in incidents - coordinate patient allocation - hospital coordinator decides to deploy or not

Answer 61

- treatment - transportation - triage - establish support for these zones- early hospital assessment is crucial for control and NDMS - PPE upon arrival

Answer 62

- identifies communication and information management to ensure that the common operating picture and systems interoperability provide the framework to achieve this goal. - The common operating picture assists with maintaining overall awareness and understanding of the incident across jurisdictions and disciplines. - Information sharing also lends vital support in achieving total interoperability

Answer 63

- management system (not just a chart) - standardized management tool for meeting the demands of small or large emergency or nonemergency situations - "best practices" for emergency management -> standard - for planned events, natural disasters, acts of terrorism - part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS) - applies to all levels of government - incident commander - safety officer, liaison officer, public information officer - operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration - flexible (not beyond standard) and scalable

Answer 64

- consistent framework for incident management at all jurisdictional levels regardless of size, cause, or complexity of incident - for terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other emergencies

Answer 65

- resource management - command and coordination - communications and information management

Answer 66

- standard mechanisms to systematically manage resources - personnel, equipment, supplies, team, facilities - allows organizations to effectively share resources when needed - before and after incidents

Answer 67

- describes leadership roles, processes, and recommended organization structures for incident management at the operational and incident support levels - explains how these structures interact to manage incidents

Answer 68

-describes systems and methods that help ensure that incident personnel and decision makers have the means and information needed to make and communication decisions

Answer 69

- guides incident management activities - record and communicate incident objectives, tactics, and assignments for operations and support - recommended for all incidents - not always written but important when: - its likely to extend beyond one operational period - becomes more complex - involves multiple jurisdictions or agencies

Answer 70

- number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor - ensures effective incident management by enabling supervisors to direct and supervise subordinates and communicate and manage resources - 1 supervisor to 5 subordinates -> 1:5 - redistribute when unmanageable - depends on distances between personnel and resources

Answer 71

- sometimes the incident command is performed by a unified command - used when: - multiple jurisdictions - single jurisdiction with multiagency involvement - multiple jurisdictions with multiagency involvement - does not affect individual agency authority, responsibility, or accountability - no one "commander" - allocates resources regardless of ownership or location - multiple agencies can makeup a unified command

Answer 72

- orderly command hierarchy within an incident management organization - each individual report to only one designated supervisor

Answer 73

-used for the flow of task assignments and resources requests

Answer 74

-each individual involved in incident operations will be assigned and will report to only one supervisor

Answer 75

- ensure that clear reporting relationships exist and avoid confusion caused by multiple conflicting leaders - incident managers must control the actions of all people under their supervision - clear up potential communication problems

Answer 76

- unity of command- clear up potential communication problems - unified command- -sometimes replaces incident command when there are multiple jurisdictions involved - unified command maintains unity of command by reporting to only 1 supervisor

Answer 77

- enables all agencies to manage an incident together by having a common set of incident objectives and strategies - allows ICs to make joint decisions by having a single command structure/post - maintains unity of command -> each employee reports to 1 supervisor - no agency's legal authorities will be compromised or neglected

Answer 78

- follows lines of authority but information can be passed horizontally or vertically without restriction - must be used when: - receiving and giving work assignments - requesting support or resources - reporting progress of tasks - other information exchange that is passed horizontally or vertically without restriction is informal communication

Answer 79

- used to exchange incident or event information only - NOT used for formal requests for resources of tasking work assignments -> this is formal communication - ex. communications unit leader contacts resources unit leader to determine # of people requiring communication devices

Answer 80

- brief - debrief - communicate hazards - acknowledge messages - ask if they do not know - face-to-face preferably

Answer 81

- task -> what is to be done - purpose -> why it is to be done - end state -> how it should look when done

Answer 82

- allow employees and leaders to discover what happened and why - corrective action report/after-action review (AAR) - debriefing - post-incident critique - mitigation plans

Answer 83

- incident commander - command staff- liaison officer (coordinates with reps from cooperating agencies), public information officer (interface with public and media), safety officer - general staff- operations section chief, planning section chief, logistics section chief, finance/administration section chief

Answer 84

- responsible for incident activities, including strategies and tactics and the ordering and the release of resources - has overall authority for conducting incident operations and is responsible for the management of all incident operations at the incident site - scope of authority is derived from existing law, agency policy, procedures, or through delegation of authority from agency administrator or elected official

Answer 85

- member of the command staff - responsible for coordinating with representatives from cooperating and assisting agencies - liaison office may have assistants

Answer 86

- member of the command staff - responsible for interfacing with the public and media or with other agencies with incident related information requirements

Answer 87

- member of the command staff - responsible for monitoring and assessing safety hazards or unsafe situations - develop measures for ensuring personnel safety - safety officer may have assistants

Answer 88

- responsible for all tactical operations at the incident - includes: - branch- functional, geographical, or jurisdictional responsibility for major part of incident operations - division- responsible for operations within a define geographical area - group- divide the incident into functional areas of operation - unit-responsible for a specific incident planning, logistics, or finance activity - task force- group of resources with common communications and a leader that may be preestablished and sent to an incident or formed at an incident - strike team/resource team- specified combination of the same kind and type of resources, with common communications and a leader - single resource- an person, piece of equipment and its personnel complement, or an established crew with an identified work supervisor that can be used on an incident

Answer 89

-responsible for collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information related to the incident, and for the preparation and documentation of the incident action plan -maintains information on current and forecasted situations and status of resources assigned to the incident -includes: -situation -resources -documentation -demobilization units -technical specialists -

Answer 90

- agreements establish the legal basis for 2 or more entities to share resources - may authorize mutual aid between 2 or more neighboring communities among all jurisdictions within a state, between states, between federal agencies, and/or internationally - jurisdictions should be party to agreements with the appropriate jurisdictions and/or organizations from which they expect to receive, or to which they expect to provide, assistance - voluntary provision of resources by agencies or organization to assist each other when existing resources are inadequate - allows jurisdiction to share resources among mutual aid partners

Answer 91

- reimbursement- either paid or unpaid (based on providing reciprocal services - recognition of licensure and certification- guidelines to ensure recognition of licensure across geopolitical boundaries - procedures for mobilization (request, dispatch, and response)- specific procedures to request and dispatch resources through mutual aid - protocol for voice and data interoperability- protocols for how different communications and IT systems share information - protocol for resource management- standard templates for packaging resources based on NIMS resource typing definitions and/or local inventory systems

Answer 92

- used at all levels of government - local jurisdiction participate in mutual aid through agreements with neighboring jurisdictions - states can participate in mutual aid through Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) - federal agencies offer mutual aid to each other and to states, tribes, and territories under the National Response Framework (NRF)

Answer 93

- must be: - specific and state what to accomplish - measurable and include a standard and timeframe - attainable and reasonable - in accordance with the incident commanders' authorities - evaluated to determine effectiveness of strategies and tactics - ex. establish a controlled perimeter around the incident within 45 minutes (by 6 PM)

Answer 94

- laboratory testing - radiation survey with detection equipment - focused radiation exposure history including assessment for adverse health effects - measures presence, type, and dose of internal radiation - internal exposure is apparent when a spot continues to be contaminated after multiple decontaminations - whole body counting- technology to measure internal exposure - serial lymphocyte count (low indicates radiation) and cytogenetic biodosimetry measure the amount of radiation dose absorbed - prodromal symptoms, lab results, and injury status determine resource management - severe prodromal symptoms -> fever, shock, LOC, nausea, diarrhea -> do not allocate resources bc probably will die - potassium iodide (prevent incorporation into thyroid), DTPA, and prussian blue insoluble (excreted radiation out), and colony stimulating factor (regeneration of bone marrow) -> medications that help rid of internal radiation - Radiation survey w/ detection equipment -> Completed ASAP.

Answer 95

- 1949- Russia becomes a nuclear power - Totally dependent on (M.A.D.) → Mutually assured destruction -> If you attack we both die - not enough bomb shelter, treatment, providers, resources - 1991- threat for war gone but single event is still in question - 4 components to nuclear threat: Global nuclear weapons is not secure and material is available, Global stockpile of HEU; 1,300 - 2,100 metric tons , resources on how to build nuclear weapons, Evil do-ers are organized, dedicated, stateless, and retaliation proof. - You have 10-20 minutes to get away if you survived a nuclear attack - Shelter for 48-72 hrs