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Emergency Response to Hazardous Material and Terrorism > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Royal College: Emergency Medicine flashcards
1
Q

Radiation

A
  • energy emitted in the form of rays or particles
  • found in radioactive material
  • radioactive material is unstable
  • as the substance decays it gives off radiation -> unstable
  • non-ionizing and ionizing
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2
Q

Source of Radiologic Material

A
  • thousands of radioactive material are generally used to benefit humankind
  • once it has been used for its purpose, the leftover material is called radiologic waste
  • remains active but is no longer useful
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3
Q

Atomic Structure

A
  • Protons- Number defines the element
  • Neutrons– Number defines the isotope
  • Electrons– Number determines the chemical properties of the element
  • The sum of the protons and neutrons is the atomic mass of the atom.
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4
Q

Radioactive Materials (RAM)

A
  • any material containing unstable (radioactive) atoms:
  • solids
  • liquids
  • Gasses
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5
Q

Special Nuclear Material

A
  • mildly radioactive, but can be used as the ingredients of nuclear explosives (in concentrated form)
  • Uranium-235 [U-235]
  • Plutonium-239 [Pu-239]
  • radioactive material (RAM)
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6
Q

Fissile Material

A
  • radioactive material (RAM)
  • capable of nuclear fission (being split)
  • four types of uranium and plutonium are for transportation purposes
  • U-233 and U-235
  • Pu-239 and Pu-241
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7
Q

Alpha

A
  • ionizing
  • range in air is 1-2 inches
  • Stopped by paper.
  • Least penetrative; dangerous to ingest
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8
Q

Beta

A
  • range in air is up to 30 feet
  • most beta travels 10 feet or less
  • Goes through paper, but is stopped by a thin sheet of aluminum.
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9
Q

Gamma / X-Ray

A
  • range in air is 100s of feet

- Goes through paper and thin sheets of aluminum, but is stopped by a thick sheet of lead.

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10
Q

Neutron

A
  • Range in the air is 100s of feet
  • Goes through paper, thin sheets of aluminum, and thick sheets of lead, but is stopped by water and concrete.
  • Most penetrative
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11
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A
  • any kind of radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron from an atom and turn it into an ion
  • high frequency radiation
  • not balances and shedding particles
  • excited and sending particles out -> dangerous to us
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12
Q

Non-Ionizing Radiation

A
  • any kind of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum that does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom and turn it into an ion.
  • low frequency
  • radio wave
  • Microwave
  • Infrared
  • Radar
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13
Q

Type of Background Radiation

A
  • man made

- natural

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14
Q

Background Radiation: Natural Radiation

A
  • COSMIC
  • Sun and outer space
  • Differences in elevation
  • Atmospheric conditions
  • Earth’s magnetic field
  • Average dose for cosmic radiation is 33 millirem/year
  • TERRESTRIAL
  • rocks, soil, and sand
  • radium, uranium, thorium, and potassium
  • Radon
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15
Q

Radon

A
  • Responsible for most of the dose that Americans receive each year
  • Odorless, tasteless, and invisible
  • Decay of naturally occurring uranium in soil and water
  • Ionizing radiation
  • Found in outdoor air and indoor air in building
  • comes from the soil
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16
Q

Background Radiation: Man Made

A
  • Industrial and commercial
  • dental x-rays
  • CT scan
  • nuclear medicine
  • particle accelerator
  • consume products- smoke detector, glazed tiles
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17
Q

R

A

-roentgen

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18
Q

Exposure

A

measure of ionization in air

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19
Q

Exposure Rate

A

measure of ionization produce in air per unit of time

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20
Q

Rad

A

radiation absorbed rate

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21
Q

Rem

A

roentgen equivalent man

-dose is measured in rem

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22
Q

Dose Rate

A

measured in rem/hr

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23
Q

The radiation units that are used may vary based on the discipline:

A
  • Response
  • Medical
  • National
  • International: Border states may encounter SI units as part of federal response
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24
Q

Internal Radiation Exposure

A
  • Found in the human body
  • Water and organic matter
  • Ingested with food and water
  • Radeon inhale
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25
Q

External Radiation Exposure

A
  • Radioactive source outside the body
  • External exposure does not always result in contamination
  • The person is exposed to X-rays via penetration but is not contaminated by the radioactive source
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26
Q

Exposure Pathways

A
  • inhalation
  • ingestion
  • absorption
  • injection
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27
Q

Contamination

A
  • radioactive material is on a person’s body or clothing and is emitting energy in the form of alpha, beta, gamma, and or neutron particles
  • must be on the person
  • scans do not contaminate the person -> just exposure
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28
Q

Decontamination

A
  • Washing, brushing, or using tape to clean exposed areas removes contaminants and reduces exposure.
  • Brushing is most applicable for removal of fallout.
  • Most hazardous particles are like fine sand-sized grains.
  • removal of clothing* biggest factor
  • routine post exposure decontamination- this is for first responders after the fact
  • blot, strip, flush cover
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29
Q

Acute Exposure

A
  • burns
  • cells dont have time to recover
  • burns from chemicals not so much radiological burns
  • radiological burns take a bit longer
  • large exposure at one time causes the most dangerous effects on the body.
  • May see burns, but those are most likely due to chemical damage not radiological.
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30
Q

Chronic Radiation

A
  • body has time to recover and replace cells
  • cancer
  • more susceptible to infection
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31
Q

Low Dose Exposure

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, headache

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32
Q

Moderate Exposure

A

first degree burns, hair loss, compromised immune system (death of white blood cells), and cancer

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33
Q

Severe Exposure

A

second and third-degree burns, cancer, and death

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34
Q

Exposure

A

The patient is in the immediate vicinity of a substance, but the hazard has not made it into the body (ex. Exposure to x-rays)

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35
Q

Protective Measures

A
  • time
  • distance
  • shielding- use of at least level C protective suits.
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36
Q

Level C Protective Gear

A
  • level C equivalent: bunker gear (firefighter gear)
  • type of airborne substance is known, concentration measured, criteria for using air purifying respirators met, and skin and eye exposure is unlikely
  • full face or half mask air purifying respirator
  • less respiratory protection than A and B, same skin protection as B
  • air purifying respiratory (APR) or powdered air purifying respirator (PAPR)
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37
Q

Level A Protective Gear

A
  • not protected from heat or radiation
  • SCBA- positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
  • positive pressure supplied air respirator with escape SCBA
  • highest level of skin and respiratory protection
  • fully encapsulation suit
  • self contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR)
  • pathogens will penetrate overtime
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38
Q

Level B Protective Gear

A
  • highest level of respiratory protection but a lesser level of skin and eye protection
  • minimum recommended level on initial site entry.
  • SCBA: positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
  • positive-pressure supplied-air respirator with escape SCBA
  • self containing breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR)
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39
Q

Level D Protective Gear

A
  • general work outfit with glasses and gloves if required
  • nuisance contamination and requires only coveralls and safety shoes/boots
  • base other PPE use such as gloves or eye protection on the situation
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40
Q

Radiologic Dispersal Devices (RDD)

A
  • Any container designed to disperse radioactive material
  • Generally, requires a bomb (dirty bomb)
  • Has potential to injure with both radioactive and explosives
  • Destructive capability is limited by explosives that are attached to it.
  • not readily available -> not the best weapon for mass destruction bc you cant have a lot
  • mostly just used for fear
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41
Q

Radiologic Exposure Devices (RED)

A
  • Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge.
  • May be hidden in public places
  • targets specific population or person
  • hidden sealed sources
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42
Q

Dirty Bomb

A
  • doesn’t have nuclear fission- > no explosion
  • just spreads radiation
  • bomb with radiation
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43
Q

Radiologic Exposure Devices (RED)

A
  • Radioactive material that exposes people to radiation without their knowledge.
  • May be hidden in public places
  • targets specific population or person
  • hidden sealed sources
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44
Q

Radiological Incendiary Device (RID)

A
  • dirty fire
  • Fires spread very fast and are used to delay first responders’ response.
  • Not useful in biological incidents because the fire will kill the agent
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45
Q

Improvised Nuclear Device (IND)

A
  • Cause panic, fear
  • big scale
  • explosive
  • spreads radiation
  • used by terrorists
  • Cause catastrophic event
  • cause higher doses of internal and external radiation*
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46
Q

Managing Life Hazards

A
  • isolate
  • contain
  • evacuate- area surrounding too
  • decontaminate
  • emergency medical care
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47
Q

Hot Zone

A
  • hazardous material
  • initiate public protection actions
  • restrict unnecessary personnel from entering the hot zone
  • primary triage in the hot zone
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48
Q

Warm Zone

A

-decontamination corridor

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49
Q

Cold Zone

A
  • incident commander
  • command post
  • secondary triage
  • wait for additional resources
  • green zone
50
Q

Decision Dose -> Emergency Activity Performed

A
  • life hazard
  • level of radiation
  • other hazards
  • risk versus benefit
  • 50 rem- lifesaving for a catastrophic event
  • 25 rem- lifesaving or protection of large populations
  • 10 rem- protection of major property
  • 5 rem- general operations at a radiological emergency
51
Q

Decay

A
  • radioactive material tries to stabilize itself by changing its structure in a natural process called
  • never can be balanced -> starts to decay
52
Q

Effect of Radiation Exposure Effect

A
  • type of radiation
  • duration of the exposure
  • age
  • NOT time of day*
53
Q

Three Sources of Background Radiation

A
  • radon
  • medical x-rays
  • soil
54
Q

MAD

A
  • mutually assured destruction
  • arms race
  • everyone has weapons but doesn’t use them
55
Q

1945

A
  • only one nuclear power

- the US

56
Q

According to the Ted Talk, Surviving a Nuclear Attack by Irwind Redlener, after a nuclear blast, you have about ____ minutes before a lethal amount of radiation comes down

A

10-20

57
Q

True of False: Regardless of a patient contamination status, emergency medical stabilization and resuscitation should come first and should not be delayed to perform decontamination

A

True

58
Q

Half Life

A

-the amount of time it takes the material to reduce the amount of radiation it emits by half

59
Q

____ is/are more sensitive to radiation

A

-cells that are actively dividing

60
Q

Scene Management Challenges

A
  • crowd control
  • resources
  • biohazards, radiological and toxic
61
Q

Preparedness

A
  • mitigation
  • when on the scene of an incident, you must rely on training and reference sources
  • know how and when to access specific toxicologic information
  • understand how a hazardous materials scene is organized and where you fit in
  • know where to find the emergency response plan in your facility
62
Q

General Considerations for Scene Management

A
  • emergency operations must be conducted in a structured, consistent manner
  • strong emphasis is placed on standard operating procedures (SOPs)
  • it is critical to ensure your own safety
  • it may not be possible to identify what hazards are present
  • warning signs include:
  • signs and symptoms from patients
  • placards and labels
63
Q

If you suspect an attack…

A
  • ensure scene safety and personal safety
  • notify dispatch and/or supervisor
  • request additional specialized resources
  • establish or coordinate with command
  • initiate mass casualty incident procedures
64
Q

Mass Causality Procedures

A
  • approach scene with caution and UPWIND
  • carry out scene assessment
  • establish incident command (each responding agency)
  • recognize signs and indicators of CBRN incidents
  • determine whether CBRN or hazardous material incident
  • estimate the number of causalities/victims
  • estimate resource requirements (certain hospitals dont take certain trauma patients -> OB)
  • carry out primary triage, decontamination, secondary triage, medical care, and transport
  • consider specialist advice/resource requirements
65
Q

CBRN

A

The CBRN Responder Network is a single, secure platform for all chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear incident data-sharing and multi-hazard event management, integrating multiple federal assets and national-level policy guidelines.

66
Q

Pre-Arrival Information

A
  • pre-arrival information
  • size up begins with dispatch
  • the name, location, and nature of the incident help the first responders anticipate what might be happening at the scene
67
Q

Scene Size Up

A
  • sizing up the incident
  • size up is a systematic process of gathering and processing information to evaluate a situation
  • the end result is an incident action plan (IAP)
  • an experienced provider will adjust the plan as more information becomes available
68
Q

Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process

A
  • Facts- things that are known about the incident including time of day, weather, location of the incident, and resources
  • Probabilities- things that are likely to happen or can be anticipated
  • Situation
  • Decision
  • Plan of Operation- plan of mitigation for the incident.
69
Q

Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process: Situation

A
  • the situation assessment involves 3 considerations:
    1. are the resources on scene and en route sufficient to handle the incident
    1. what are the specific capabilities and limitations of responding resources (equipment) in relation to the problem
    1. what are the specific capabilities and limitations of the personnel based on training and experience
70
Q

Lloyd Layman’s 5 Step Size Up Process: Decision

A
  • make a judgement call
  • be decisive
  • plan is dynamic -> change plan if you need to
  • gather the facts before your decision
    1. are there enough resources responding to and on the scene to mitigate the situation
    1. are there sufficient resources available and do conditions allow for an interior attack
    1. what is the most effective assignment of on scene resources
    1. what is the most effective assignment of responding resources
71
Q

Operation Goal

A
  • life safety
  • incident control/stabilization
  • environmental protection
  • systems/infrastructure protection
  • property protection
  • mode of operation
72
Q

Operation Actions

A
  • make immediate contact with incident commander for coordination
  • isolate the area upwind and uphill initially
  • > then in specified directions as per the incident commander or hazmat team
  • identify a safe staging location for incoming units
  • give access and egress to these units if necessary
  • mobilization points for resources may be set up away from the scene and resources deployed as necessary
73
Q

Utilize Resources for…

A
  • identification- of hazards
  • evacuation
  • emergency medical care- what kind
74
Q

Assess Initial Isolation/Standoff Distances

A
  • green section of ERG

- specific to chemical

75
Q

When to use Control Zones

A
  • mitigate damage and increase safety
  • explosive devices
  • chemical or biological contamination or dispersion devices
  • potential radioactive contamination
76
Q

Perimeter Control Factors

A

-amount of available resources
-self protection capabilities
-size and configuration of the incident
-incident stability
-requires the use of scene evaluation to determine appropriate distances required to isolate the incident from unaffected individuals ->
Staging, Access routes, Egress routes

77
Q

Access and Egress Routes

A
  • establish
  • maintain
  • do not block other vehicles in
  • drop off and pick up
  • keep equipment away that restricts other people
  • access routes- routes for incoming personnel to reach the scene
  • egress routes- routes for outgoing personnel to exit the scene with the affected victims.
78
Q

Staging

A
  • initial emergency responders
  • uphill and upwind
  • avoid bottleneck- you need to get in and out
  • additional resources
  • establish staging area
  • location
  • size
79
Q

Special Awareness of Responders

A
  • be alert for, and warn on scene personnel of, secondary devices
  • be aware
  • it is extremely important that first responders not become victims
  • command and control will quickly disintegrate
  • fear
  • First responders should be aware of the possibility for secondary devices.
  • Secondary devices: additional bombs/WMDs that are meant to harm the medical personnel coming to treat the people affected by the primary device.
80
Q

Criminal Scene

A
  • be aware
  • protect yourself
  • your items on you can become evidence
  • remember what you saw, and where you went -> this is not primary concern
  • saving lives in primary concern
81
Q

Medical Sector

A
  • size up
  • strategy
  • tactics
  • largest component of the incident command system (ICS) involving incident command and victim care
  • supervisor -> treatment, triage, transport
  • treatment -> support
  • transport -> hospital coordinator
82
Q

Mass Casuality Incident

A
  • not enough resources to mitigate
  • any incident that exceeds medical care facilities resources within a specific geographic area
  • doesnt matter if you can handle it or not via skill -> you do not have enough resources
  • exact numbers of patients required to exceed this capability may vary
  • may vary within a specific area dependent on a number of factors
  • ex. if three people get shot and you only have 2 tourniquets -> MCI
83
Q

Initial Actions: Medical Sector

A
  • supervisor
  • request dedicated EMS staging officer
  • determine need for medical staff PPE
  • request safety officer for medical sector
84
Q

Medical Sector: Treatment Zones and Treatment Support

A
  • may need to establish treatment zones
  • requires the most medical personnel
  • established prior to 1st arriving victims
  • not hot zone preferably
  • treatment support:
  • provides medical supply support to teams
  • provides pharmaceutical support to teams
85
Q

Medical Sector: Transportation Area

A
  • determines victim transport needs
  • determines initial assessment of area hospital medical care capability
  • determines the need to activate national disaster medical system NDMS
86
Q

Medical Sector: Transportation: Hospital Coordinator

A
  • determines the need to activate NDMS (national disaster medical system)
  • NDMS- assist hospitals in incidents
  • coordinate patient allocation
  • hospital coordinator decides to deploy or not
87
Q

Standard Operating Procedure (SOP)

A
  • treatment
  • transportation
  • triage
  • establish support for these zones- early hospital assessment is crucial for control and NDMS
  • PPE upon arrival
88
Q

National Incident Management System (NIMS)

A
  • identifies communication and information management to ensure that the common operating picture and systems interoperability provide the framework to achieve this goal.
  • The common operating picture assists with maintaining overall awareness and understanding of the incident across jurisdictions and disciplines.
  • Information sharing also lends vital support in achieving total interoperability
89
Q

Incident Command System (ICS)

A
  • management system (not just a chart)
  • standardized management tool for meeting the demands of small or large emergency or nonemergency situations
  • “best practices” for emergency management -> standard
  • for planned events, natural disasters, acts of terrorism
  • part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)
  • applies to all levels of government
  • incident commander
  • safety officer, liaison officer, public information officer
  • operations, planning, logistics, and finance/administration
  • flexible (not beyond standard) and scalable
90
Q

National Incident Management System (NIMS)

A
  • consistent framework for incident management at all jurisdictional levels regardless of size, cause, or complexity of incident
  • for terrorist attacks, natural disasters, and other emergencies
91
Q

Components of NIMS

A
  • resource management
  • command and coordination
  • communications and information management
92
Q

NIMS: Resource Management

A
  • standard mechanisms to systematically manage resources
  • personnel, equipment, supplies, team, facilities
  • allows organizations to effectively share resources when needed
  • before and after incidents
93
Q

NIMS: Command and Coordination

A
  • describes leadership roles, processes, and recommended organization structures for incident management at the operational and incident support levels
  • explains how these structures interact to manage incidents
94
Q

NIMS: Communications and Information Management

A

-describes systems and methods that help ensure that incident personnel and decision makers have the means and information needed to make and communication decisions

95
Q

NIMS Management Characteristics: Incident Action Planning

A
  • guides incident management activities
  • record and communicate incident objectives, tactics, and assignments for operations and support
  • recommended for all incidents
  • not always written but important when:
  • its likely to extend beyond one operational period
  • becomes more complex
  • involves multiple jurisdictions or agencies
96
Q

NIMS Management Characteristics: Manageable Span of Control

A
  • number of subordinates that directly report to a supervisor
  • ensures effective incident management by enabling supervisors to direct and supervise subordinates and communicate and manage resources
  • 1 supervisor to 5 subordinates -> 1:5
  • redistribute when unmanageable
  • depends on distances between personnel and resources
97
Q

NIMS Management Characteristics: Unified Command

A
  • sometimes the incident command is performed by a unified command
  • used when:
  • multiple jurisdictions
  • single jurisdiction with multiagency involvement
  • multiple jurisdictions with multiagency involvement
  • does not affect individual agency authority, responsibility, or accountability
  • no one “commander”
  • allocates resources regardless of ownership or location
  • multiple agencies can makeup a unified command
98
Q

NIMS Management Characteristics: Chain of Command and Unity of Command

A
  • orderly command hierarchy within an incident management organization
  • each individual report to only one designated supervisor
99
Q

Orderly Line of Authority

A

-used for the flow of task assignments and resources requests

100
Q

Unity of Command

A

-each individual involved in incident operations will be assigned and will report to only one supervisor

101
Q

Chain of Command and Unity of Command

A
  • ensure that clear reporting relationships exist and avoid confusion caused by multiple conflicting leaders
  • incident managers must control the actions of all people under their supervision
  • clear up potential communication problems
102
Q

Unity of Command vs Unified Command

A
  • unity of command- clear up potential communication problems
  • unified command- -sometimes replaces incident command when there are multiple jurisdictions involved
  • unified command maintains unity of command by reporting to only 1 supervisor
103
Q

Unified Command

A
  • enables all agencies to manage an incident together by having a common set of incident objectives and strategies
  • allows ICs to make joint decisions by having a single command structure/post
  • maintains unity of command -> each employee reports to 1 supervisor
  • no agency’s legal authorities will be compromised or neglected
104
Q

Formal Communication

A
  • follows lines of authority but information can be passed horizontally or vertically without restriction
  • must be used when:
  • receiving and giving work assignments
  • requesting support or resources
  • reporting progress of tasks
  • other information exchange that is passed horizontally or vertically without restriction is informal communication
105
Q

Informal Communication

A
  • used to exchange incident or event information only
  • NOT used for formal requests for resources of tasking work assignments -> this is formal communication
  • ex. communications unit leader contacts resources unit leader to determine # of people requiring communication devices
106
Q

Communication Responsibilities

A
  • brief
  • debrief
  • communicate hazards
  • acknowledge messages
  • ask if they do not know
  • face-to-face preferably
107
Q

Briefing

A
  • task -> what is to be done
  • purpose -> why it is to be done
  • end state -> how it should look when done
108
Q

Incident Management Assessment

A
  • allow employees and leaders to discover what happened and why
  • corrective action report/after-action review (AAR)
  • debriefing
  • post-incident critique
  • mitigation plans
109
Q

ICS Structure

A
  • incident commander
  • command staff- liaison officer (coordinates with reps from cooperating agencies), public information officer (interface with public and media), safety officer
  • general staff- operations section chief, planning section chief, logistics section chief, finance/administration section chief
110
Q

Incident Commander

A
  • responsible for incident activities, including strategies and tactics and the ordering and the release of resources
  • has overall authority for conducting incident operations and is responsible for the management of all incident operations at the incident site
  • scope of authority is derived from existing law, agency policy, procedures, or through delegation of authority from agency administrator or elected official
111
Q

Liaison Office

A
  • member of the command staff
  • responsible for coordinating with representatives from cooperating and assisting agencies
  • liaison office may have assistants
112
Q

Public Information Officer

A
  • member of the command staff
  • responsible for interfacing with the public and media or with other agencies with incident related information requirements
113
Q

Safety Officer

A
  • member of the command staff
  • responsible for monitoring and assessing safety hazards or unsafe situations
  • develop measures for ensuring personnel safety
  • safety officer may have assistants
114
Q

Operation Section

A
  • responsible for all tactical operations at the incident
  • includes:
  • branch- functional, geographical, or jurisdictional responsibility for major part of incident operations
  • division- responsible for operations within a define geographical area
  • group- divide the incident into functional areas of operation
  • unit-responsible for a specific incident planning, logistics, or finance activity
  • task force- group of resources with common communications and a leader that may be preestablished and sent to an incident or formed at an incident
  • strike team/resource team- specified combination of the same kind and type of resources, with common communications and a leader
  • single resource- an person, piece of equipment and its personnel complement, or an established crew with an identified work supervisor that can be used on an incident
115
Q

Planning Section

A

-responsible for collection, evaluation, and dissemination of information related to the incident, and for the preparation and documentation of the incident action plan
-maintains information on current and forecasted situations and status of resources assigned to the incident
-includes:
-situation
-resources
-documentation
-demobilization units
-technical specialists
-

116
Q

Mutual Aid

A
  • agreements establish the legal basis for 2 or more entities to share resources
  • may authorize mutual aid between 2 or more neighboring communities among all jurisdictions within a state, between states, between federal agencies, and/or internationally
  • jurisdictions should be party to agreements with the appropriate jurisdictions and/or organizations from which they expect to receive, or to which they expect to provide, assistance
  • voluntary provision of resources by agencies or organization to assist each other when existing resources are inadequate
  • allows jurisdiction to share resources among mutual aid partners
117
Q

Mutual Aid Topics

A
  • reimbursement- either paid or unpaid (based on providing reciprocal services
  • recognition of licensure and certification- guidelines to ensure recognition of licensure across geopolitical boundaries
  • procedures for mobilization (request, dispatch, and response)- specific procedures to request and dispatch resources through mutual aid
  • protocol for voice and data interoperability- protocols for how different communications and IT systems share information
  • protocol for resource management- standard templates for packaging resources based on NIMS resource typing definitions and/or local inventory systems
118
Q

Mutual Aid: All Levels

A
  • used at all levels of government
  • local jurisdiction participate in mutual aid through agreements with neighboring jurisdictions
  • states can participate in mutual aid through Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC)
  • federal agencies offer mutual aid to each other and to states, tribes, and territories under the National Response Framework (NRF)
119
Q

Effective Incident Objectives

A
  • must be:
  • specific and state what to accomplish
  • measurable and include a standard and timeframe
  • attainable and reasonable
  • in accordance with the incident commanders’ authorities
  • evaluated to determine effectiveness of strategies and tactics
  • ex. establish a controlled perimeter around the incident within 45 minutes (by 6 PM)
120
Q

Evaluation Elements for Triage and Countermeasures (VIDEO)

A
  • laboratory testing
  • radiation survey with detection equipment
  • focused radiation exposure history including assessment for adverse health effects
  • measures presence, type, and dose of internal radiation
  • internal exposure is apparent when a spot continues to be contaminated after multiple decontaminations
  • whole body counting- technology to measure internal exposure
  • serial lymphocyte count (low indicates radiation) and cytogenetic biodosimetry measure the amount of radiation dose absorbed
  • prodromal symptoms, lab results, and injury status determine resource management
  • severe prodromal symptoms -> fever, shock, LOC, nausea, diarrhea -> do not allocate resources bc probably will die
  • potassium iodide (prevent incorporation into thyroid), DTPA, and prussian blue insoluble (excreted radiation out), and colony stimulating factor (regeneration of bone marrow) -> medications that help rid of internal radiation
  • Radiation survey w/ detection equipment -> Completed ASAP.
121
Q

Surviving Nuclear Attack (Irwin Redlener) Video

A
  • 1949- Russia becomes a nuclear power
  • Totally dependent on (M.A.D.) → Mutually assured destruction -> If you attack we both die
  • not enough bomb shelter, treatment, providers, resources
  • 1991- threat for war gone but single event is still in question
  • 4 components to nuclear threat: Global nuclear weapons is not secure and material is available, Global stockpile of HEU; 1,300 - 2,100 metric tons , resources on how to build nuclear weapons, Evil do-ers are organized, dedicated, stateless, and retaliation proof.
  • You have 10-20 minutes to get away if you survived a nuclear attack
  • Shelter for 48-72 hrs

Emergency Response to Hazardous Material and Terrorism (18 decks)

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