Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
types of decontamination
A
- gross or mass- hose -> consists of the initial removal of significant contamination and serves to reduce exposure levels of the general public and emergency responders who may become contaminated during a weapons of mass destruction (WMD) incident
- personal- shower -> performed to maintain personal hygiene and often used instead of gross decontamination; usually performed in portable or mobile shower trailers or vehicles; the use of soap and water or some other type of solution is involved
- spot - performed to remove possible contaminants from an individual who has come into contact with bodily fluids from another person
- emergency- performed in the event of suit failure, breach of downrange personnel, or injury -> special process for emergency team/staff
2
Q
exclusion zone
A
- red zone
- incident site
- area of maximum hazard
- access is tightly controlled
- rescue, containment, and sampling occur here
- biological agent is located here and is the area of maximum hazard
- access is tightly controlled at either a single entry point or, in the case of a large incident, multiple controlled-entry points
- Entry is restricted to essential personnel who are trained at the appropriate level and who use appropriate PPE
3
Q
contamination reduction zone
A
- transition area
- located in clean area, upwind side of incident
- prevents contaminants from spreading
- secured area
- decontamination occurs here
- set up in a clean area on the upwind side of the exclusion zone
- help prevents contaminants from spreading to unaffected or clean areas
- secured area because, once decontamination starts, it will become contaminated. Usually, a HazMat team will be responsible for setting up and performing decontamination.
4
Q
support zone
A
- planning and staging area for emergency functions
- located beyond the range of potential contamination
- public is excluded
- contains command post and treatment center
- The support zone is the area beyond the range of potential contamination
- The support zone is a planning and staging area.
- The command post, treatment area for decontaminated patients, and rehabilitation area (for emergency response personnel) are established in the support zone.
- PPE and respiratory protection are not required.
- The public is excluded from this area to allow emergency response agencies room to function
5
Q
Class A and B
A
Self containing breathing apparatus (SCBA) or supplied air respirator (SAR) -class A and B have the same respiratory protection and different skin protection
6
Q
Class C
A
Air purifying respiratory (APR) or powdered air purifying respirator (PAPR)
- class C has the same skin protection as B
- contaminant is known
7
Q
endemic
A
- disease or agent that is present in a community at all times but at a relatively low frequency
- you can have it in one place and not expect it in another place
- ex. Bacillus anthracis is endemic in the United States, particularly in the Midwest, West, Texas, and Oklahoma. Livestock or other herbivores are susceptible to infection from consuming contaminated soil or feed.
8
Q
outbreak
A
- a sudden rise in the incidence of a disease, such as when two or more persons who were exposed to a common source are experiencing a similar illness.
- ex. An outbreak may result from an increase in measles in unvaccinated children. An outbreak may involve as few as two cases, such as when an unexpected illness such as plague occurs.
9
Q
epidemic
A
- An epidemic is an outbreak that quickly spreads to many people within a population, resulting in more cases of a disease than would be expected in a community or region during a given time period.
- In epidemics of agents with high mortality, patients either die rapidly or recover, and survivors generally develop some type of immunity.
- ex. SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus called SARS associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). SARS was first reported in Asia in February 2003. The epidemic quickly spread to more than two dozen countries in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia before it was contained. This epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide. (CDC 2004)
10
Q
disease scale
A
- baseline
- endemic
- outbreak
- epidemic
- pandemic
11
Q
biocrime
A
- an unlawful act in which an individual or group uses biological agents intentionally to cause illness or death in a target for personal reasons (such as revenge or financial gain) and lacks an ideological objective
- ex. In 1996, a hospital laboratory employee contaminated pastries with Shigella dysenteriae and left them in an employee break room. Twelve laboratory workers ate the contaminated pastries and developed acute diarrheal illness. (Dembek et al. 2007)
- usually not trying to impact someone greatly
- may be smaller scale
12
Q
agroterrorism
A
- the intentional use of biological agents against agricultural and food supply industries
- In 1985, Mexican contract workers deliberately spread screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) among livestock in Mexico close to the border with the United States (Carus 2002). In 2011, a man was arrested for threatening to spread foot and mouth disease in the United States and Great Britain if not paid four million US dollars. He was convicted for terrorist activity and money laundering.
13
Q
HAZWOPER
A
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
-1990
14
Q
routes of exposure
A
- injection
- inhalation- 1-5 microns
- absorption
- ingestion
15
Q
disease transmission
A
- droplet
- contact
- airborne
16
Q
anthrax
A
-bacteria
17
Q
plague
A
bacteria
18
Q
smallpox
A
virus
19
Q
influenza
A
virus
20
Q
toxins
A
botulinum toxin and ricin from castor beans
-poison ivy
21
Q
disseminators
A
- paint sprayer
- trailer sprayer
- backpack sprayer
- rose duster
- two gallon garden sprayer
22
Q
point source delivery
A
- single source dissemination
- depends on wind direction and speed
- mostly used on small , discrete targets
23
Q
line source delivery
A
- product sprayed perpendicularly to the wind
- target can be many kilometers downwind
- line source delivery can be used on much larger targets
24
Q
START
A
simple triage and rapid treatment
- LOC
- capillary refill
- respiratory rate
- normally the first person on scene is the incident commander (until someone else comes)
- 30 secs
- telling the people to move to a certain area -> separates all the wounded that are able to understand and walk
- black tag- expectant, dead or expected to die, not breathing
- red tag- immediate patients, life threatening injury, priority 1
- yellow tag- serious non-life threatening injury, priority 2, urgent
- green tag- walking wounded, priority 3, delayed
- white tag- involved, in the vicinity, not hurt
25
Q
isolation perimeter
A
during a biological incident response, a designated crowd control line surrounding the incident; a line between the general public and the outside edge of the support zone
26
Q
exposure + toxicity =
A
health hazard
27
Q
Superfund amendment and reauthorization act (SARA)- 1986
A
- in the past we knew hazardous things were bad but this act made OSHA responsible for it
- hazardous waste operations and emergency response (HaxWOPER)- 1990
28
Q
BLEVE
A
boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
29
Q
concentration x time =
A
dose
30
Q
ionizing radiation
A
- high frequency radiation
- not balances and shedding particles
- excited and sending particles out -> dangerous to us
- radioactive waste
- x-rays
- ultraviolet radiation
- visible light
- infrared devices
31
Q
non-iodizing radiation
A
- low frequency
- power lines
- radio and TV waves
- cell phones
- microwaves
32
Q
alpha, beta, gamma
A
- alpha- stops when it hits the skin
- beta- goes through the skin, high frequency, more dangerous than alpha
- gamma- very strong, very fast, very penetrative, lead shielding -> need something more substantial to block this
33
Q
protection
A
- time
- distance
- shielding
34
Q
decontamination procedure
A
- blot
- strip (80%)
- flush
- cover
35
Q
choking agent
A
- chlorine gas
- prevent breathing
- pulmonary edema - fluid in lungs
