NP2B - Polio

Question 1

Which is both a specific name of a disease caused by thiamine deficiency and a morphologic diagnosis that can be attributed to a number of causes?

Answer 1

Polioencephalomalacia

Question 2

Is a cofactor in oxidative energy pathways

Answer 2

Thiamine

Question 3

What are the results of diminished thiamine for dependent areas of vasculature in the cerebrum?

Answer 3

Results in vasogenic edema that triggers the edema cycle

Question 4

bumps ridges on the cerebral cortex

Answer 4

gyrus (plural: gyri)

Question 5

a condition that occurs when there isn’t enough blood flow to the brain to meet metabolic demand

Answer 5

Cerebral ischemia

Question 6

As you are closer to the meningeal surface, it will be ___________ necrosis

Answer 6

selective neuronal

Question 7

(true/false) Polioencephalomalacia can be appreciated grossly by the naked eye

Answer 7

false

Question 8

What species requires dietary thiamine, but usually get enough in the food?

Answer 8

Carnivores

Question 9

So in pigs, the overgrowth is by Escherichia coli, and specifically E. coli that releases an enterotoxin that causes vascular leakage in multiple organ systems, and this is why we refer to this as _________

Answer 9

edema disease

Question 10

In lambs, the offending agent is Clostridium perfringens, which released the epsilon toxin.

Answer 10

polioencephalomalacia

Question 11

Epsilon toxin and Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants, goes by another name:

Answer 11

Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia

Question 12

In what species is lead toxic to cerebral cortical neurons and the associated vasculature, just like thiamine deficiency, and the vascular component is prominent?

Answer 12

cattle

Question 13

an enlarged phagocytic cell of microglial origin having the cytoplasm distended with lipid granules and being characteristic of some organic brain lesions

Answer 13

gitter cells

Question 14

In what species does low-level chronic lead exposure doesn’t seem to affect the forebrain, but rather affects Schwann cells resulting in primary demyelination in the PNS?

Answer 14

horses

Question 15

the major glial cell type in the peripheral nervous system

Answer 15

Schwann cells

Question 16

_________________ will cause polioencephalomalacia regardless of species.

Answer 16

sudden reduction in Plasma Osmolality (salt toxicity)

Question 17

What can cause Polioencephalomalacia in ruminants?

Answer 17

1. thiamine deficiency
2. bacterial exotoxins
3. lead toxicity

Question 18

______________ with thiamine deficiency have Polioencephalomalacia, but the distribution differs and we’re not reliant on the edema cycle to result in Pannecrosis.

Answer 18

Carnivores

Question 19

_________ in carnivores has direct effects on GM necrosis, but it tends to be more of a selective neuronal necrosis and we’re not evoking the edema cycle

Answer 19

lead toxicity

Question 20

Differentials for polioencephalomalacia are initiated by cytotoxic edema.

Answer 20

• rapid reduction of plasma osmolality
• hypoxemia or ischemia

Question 21

Malacia with hemorrhage, bilateral symmetry in periventricular grey matter

Answer 21

Polioencephalomalacia in a cat due to Thiamine Deficiency

Question 22

Thiamine deficiency, bacterial exotoxins and lead toxicity in ruminants can initiate:

Answer 22

vasogenic edema

Question 23

Lead toxicity in _________- has direct effects on grey matter necrosis without the need for the edema cycle

Answer 23

carnivores

Question 24

Polioencephalomalacia, bacterial exotoxins and vasogenic edema

Answer 24

Clostridium perfringens -> epsilon toxin
Escherichia coli -> edema disease principal