NP2A - Edema

Question 1

What can result from swelling of tissue in the CNS, when sitting in the cranial vault?

Answer 1

It results in increased intracranial pressure, which turn can reduce blood flow to the brain.

Question 2

Leaky blood vessels

Answer 2

Vasogenic

Question 3

Is fluid accumulation within astrocytes

Answer 3

Cytotoxic

Question 4

Is caused by fluid accumulation that slits myelin lamella and transependymal, which is a push of CSF across the pendulum into periventricular WM

Answer 4

Intramyolynic

Question 5

Where is it easier to spread fluid?

Answer 5

fluid will tend to spread in WM tracks because it is easier to create extracellular space than in the neuropil of the GM

Question 6

Cytotoxic edema is primarily affecting:

Answer 6

astrocytes

Question 7

Sudden reduction in plasma osmolarity that can create a temporary situation where the astrocyte cytoplasm is ______________ relative to plasma

Answer 7

hyperosmolar

Question 8

The astrocytes can’t unload the idiogenic osmoles fast enough and as a result the cells take on water by osmosis. We have increase tissue water content and we refer to it as ___________

Answer 8

cytotoxic edema

Question 9

Causes further tissue swelling, increased intracranial pressure, and further reductions in tissue blood flow that can result in damage to ion pumps of astrocytes giving rise to cytotoxic edema
(positive feedback loop)

Answer 9

vasogenic edema

Question 10

You can initiate the edema cycle through __________ or ____________ edema

Answer 10

cytotoxic, vasogenic

Question 11

In this case, both edema cycles were initiated

Answer 11

spongiosis

Question 12

is caused by the rodenticide bromethylene

Answer 12

Intramyelinic Edema

Question 13

The cause of death of this toxin is the increased intracranial pressure that is driven by the set of toxic edema. It is the myelin sheath swelling around intact axons that is key to making an ideological diagnosis based on postmortem examination.

Answer 13

Bromethalin toxicity

Question 14

As pressure increases within the calvarium there is going to be the tendency of the brain to want to herniate or squeeze out the _____________ of the calvarium

Answer 14

caudal aspect

Question 15

the occipital cortex is seen herniating under the tentorium cerebelli and the cerebellum is herniating into foramen magna.

Question 16

Tissue death due to loss of blood flow is infarction and when that occurs in the presence of blood it is known as:

Answer 16

hemorrhagic infarction

Question 17

If I were to compress the mesencephalic aqueduct, CSF continues to be produced proximal to that site because there’s no regulation of the rate of production and thus CSF pressure increases and it pushes across the epenymal cell lining of the ventricular system, entering into the periventricular WM.

Answer 17

Transependymal Edema

Question 18

Enlarged Ventricles: What results in periventricular WM atrophy?

Answer 18

First fluid and WM seperates oliodendrocytes from astrocytes. So, there is gradual loss of myelin, resulting in periventricular WM atrophy

Question 19

Intracranial pressure also reduces blood flow to gray matter, resulting in GM _______

Answer 19

atrophy

Question 20

Enlargement of the ventricles is refered to as:

Answer 20

Hydrocephalus

Question 21

A dog is hit by a car, and vascular damage has caused cerebral edema. The increase intracranial pressure has resulted in brain herniation and death. What type of edema is present at the time of death?

Answer 21

vasogenic and cytotoxic

Question 22

The most significant finding was intramyelinic edema in the central nervous system. What is your top differential diagnosis?

Answer 22

ingestion of a rodenticide containing bromethalin