NP1F

Question 1

What is directing the blood vessels that are penetrating to form a blood-brain barrier?

Answer 1

Astrocytes

Question 2

endothelial cells that are:

Answer 2

non-fenestrated

Question 3

the basement membrane surrounds the:

Answer 3

endothelial cells that are held together by tight junctions

Question 4

What is the only way of crossing the barrier?

Answer 4

if you’re lipid soluble or if endothelial cells decide to actively transport you across the endothelial cell to the surrounding astrocytes

Question 5

(true/false) Every brain region has a blood brain barrier

Answer 5

False, not every brain region has a blood brain barrier

Question 6

Not every brain region has a blood-brain barrier. What are the areas around portions of the hypothalamus, pituitary, and pineal gland in which this barrier is actually absent, allows for these brain regions to monitor and respond to systemic metabolic changes such as plasma osmolality and blood glucose levels?

Answer 6

circumventricular organs

Question 7

What are a source of nutrient supply, waste removal, and actual communication between different brain regions?

Answer 7

Cerebrospinal Fluid, it will circulate within the deep masses of tissue and then ultimately exit onto the surface of the brain and spinal cord where it can be resorbed into the systemic circulation

Question 8

What is the ventricular pathway for CSF?

Answer 8

1. Lateral Ventricle
2. Interventricular foramen
3. Third ventricle
4. Mesencephalic aqueduct
5. Fourth ventricle

Question 9

The cavity within each of the cerebral hemispheres, and produce cerebral spinal fluid there:

Answer 9

Lateral Ventricle

Question 10

What is the space within the thalamus and hypothalamus, and will produce more cerebrospinal fluid?

Answer 10

Third ventricle

Question 11

What is the space between the cerebellum and the brain stem?

Answer 11

Fourth ventricle

Question 12

After the fourth ventricle some of the CSF can exit onto the surface of the brain via the _______________

Answer 12

lateral apertures

Question 13

Other components of the brain will enter into the _________ of the spinal cord

Answer 13

central canal

Question 14

Who is responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid, and are highly vascular structures present in the lateral, third and fourth ventricle?

Answer 14

Choroid plexus

Question 15

The barrier between the blood and the brain is not at the level of the blood vessel itself, explain:

Answer 15

the blood vessels are leaky and it’s the choroid plexus epithelium that presents the barrier because they’re stapled together by tight junctions and they take the leaked plasma that comes from these leaky vessels and the manufacture and secrete CSF and modify it in a way that is optimal for conduction of neuronal impulses

Question 16

Are ciliated and these cilia beat rapidly and they assure circulation of the fluid from the lateral to the third to the fourth ventricles and then onto the surface:

Answer 16

Ependymal Cells

Question 17

CSF production occurs at ___________ rate

Answer 17

constant

Question 18

the portion of a skull including the braincase and excluding the lower jaw or lower jaw and facial portion

Answer 18

Calvarium

Question 19

The periosteal lining of the skull is a very dense fibrous structure and it provides a barrier function to prevent any traumatic or inflammatory process OUTSIDE of the nervous system from entering

Answer 19

dura mater

Question 20

the pia and arachnoid mater

Answer 20

leptomeninges

Question 21

Delicate membranes: Is on the surface of the brain

Answer 21

pia mater

Question 22

Delicate membrane: Is above pia mater

Answer 22

arachnoid membrane

Question 23

The pia and arachnoid mater are attached by ____________

Answer 23

delicate connective tissue trabeculae

Question 23

The pia and arachnoid mater are attached by ____________

Answer 23

delicate connective tissue trabeculae

Question 24

What is the space between pia and arachnoid mater called?

Answer 24

subarachnoid space and it is where the CSF finds itself after exiting onto the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Question 25

Where does the dura dive down?

Answer 25

between the cerebral hemispheres forming the falx cerebri

Question 26

the largest of the four partitions of the dura mater

Answer 26

falx cerebri

Question 27

Within the falx cerebri, there is a very large vein known as the?

Answer 27

dorsal sagittal venous sinus

Question 28

Into the dorsal sagittal venous sinus, there are out pouchings of the arachnoid membrane and these are known as:

Answer 28

arachnoid granulations

Question 29

In the subarachnoid space enters the granulations and there we find _________ valves that allow fluid and some cells to enter into the venous circulation

Answer 29

one-way

Question 30

What ensures a constant CSF pressure?

Answer 30

Rate of Resorption

Question 31

(true/false) inflammation basically means that blood vessels leak

Answer 31

true

Question 32

pial-lined, fluid-filled structures found in characteristic locations throughout the brain

Answer 32

Perivascular spaces

Question 33

CSF analysis is a very powerful diagnostic tool, but…

Answer 33

it doesn’t tell you where the problem is, it does tell that a problem may occur and gives you clues as to the nature of that problem

if it’s an inflammatory, non-inflammatory, metabolic etc.

Question 34

What are some facts regarding CSF production and circulation?

Answer 34

The barrier between blood and CSF exists at the levels of the plexus epithelium and not the vascular endothelium
CSF composition is modified to enhance support of neuronal signal transduction
Cilia of ependymal cells ensure circulation of CSF