NP1D

Question 1

(true/false) Tighter control in the central nervous system is needed, particularly because of the need for impulse conduction

Answer 1

true

Question 2

What are some resident cells that can function like macrophages?

Answer 2

the microglia

Question 3

When eliminating the extracellular space and replacing it with a glia cell known as the:

Answer 3

astrocyte

Question 4

What part of an astrocyte will you see in an H&E stained tissue section?

Answer 4

you will only see the nuclei of these cells, everything else being a pink tangle of cell processes of neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes that is collectively known as neuropil

Question 5

Metabolic support:
How are astrocytes in simultaneous communication with sources of nutrition and waste removal and the cells they serve?

Answer 5

Astrocytes form a syncytium with other astrocytes via gap junctions in their cytoplasmic processes

Question 6

How do astrocytes balance their cytoplasmic osmolarity?

Answer 6

with that of plasma, so that there are no fluid shifts into or away from the CNS

Question 7

What happens when plasma becomes hyperosmolar?

Answer 7

astrocytes generate small molecules known as idiogenic osmoles that increase cytoplasmic osmolarity and prevent fluid shifts into plasma

Question 8

What can lymphocytes do as part of their immune surveillance function?

Answer 8

can push between cells

Question 9

an excitatory neurotransmitter

Answer 9

Glutamate

Question 10

GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter

Answer 10

gamma-aminobutyric acid

Question 11

astrocytes terminate ________________ signaling

Answer 11

neurotransmitter

Question 12

Glutamate and GABA are converted to glutamine by _________

Answer 12

astrocytes

Question 13

the glutamine can be transported back into neurons, converted to glutamate and/or GABA which is then packaged into secretory vesicles at the ____________________.

Answer 13

axon terminus

Question 14

(true/false) Astrocytes posses receptors to most neurotransmitters, attesting to their central role in supporting signal transduction

Answer 14

true

Question 15

Astrocytes also reverse the extracellular electrolyte imbalance which result from neuronal membrane ________________

Answer 15

repolarization

Question 16

Neuronal membrane repolarization releases high levels of ______ into the extracellular space. Regions of high extracelular _____ induce electrical currents within astrocytes, the effect being that ____ is transported away from its site of release

Answer 16

K+

Question 17

(true/false) There are resident fibroblasts deep within the CNS

Answer 17

False

Question 18

Fibroblast are restricted to the_____________ and adjacent to large penetrating blood vessels

Answer 18

meningeal

Question 19

What do astrocytes do in response to tissue injury?

Answer 19

Astrocytes will strengthen and extend their cytoplasmic processes by increasing synthesis of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments

Question 20

These cells are of mesodermal origin whereas everyone else in the nervous system is of neuriectoderal origin

Answer 20

Microglia

Question 21

Are like monocytes and resident macrophages elsewhere in the body

Answer 21

microglia

Question 22

the delicate branches of microglia blend with the ________. these branches have sensors for signals that something is wrong in the enviroment.

Answer 22

neuropil

Question 23

These are molecules thatare released only when there is tissue damage. A prominent example is cellular heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins normally function within the cell, supporting protein homeostasis. But when released from cells, they are viewed as a danger signal. They bind Toll-like receptors on microglia, causing microglial activation and an inflammmatory response.

Answer 23

Damage Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMPs)

Question 24

These molecules are specific to microorganisms, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that is found in the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria. LPS binds the same Toll-like receptors of microglia that are triggered by heat shock proteins.

Answer 24

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Question 25

Is produced by monocytes and lymphocytes when activated. If _____________is in the enviroment, microglia respond in turn by becoming activated to address - whatever the heck is going on. It’s an amplifier effect.

Answer 25

interferon

Question 26

Tell me about activated microglia

Answer 26

1. lose the branches, migrate to the source of the problem
2. become phagocytic
3. become active participant in the inflammatory response
4. produce nitric oxide and interferons that promotes the activity of any incoming immune cells
5. become active antigen presenting cells, supporting both cell mediated (MHC-I) and humoral (MHC-II) immune responses

Question 27

Contains a lot of fat and fat is hard to digest - __________

Answer 27

CNS

Question 28

Microglia are removing myelin, or dead neurons with their tremendous membrane surface area, they become _________

Answer 28

engorged

Question 29

In tissue sections, engorged microglia have the appearance of macrophages with expanded foamy cytoplasm. This are known as ___________

Answer 29

glitter cells

Question 30

What can be a powerful clue that something is wrong?

Answer 30

recognition of microglial activation and particularly gitter cell formation

Question 31

If we encountered a disease of the astrocytes, which processes would be affected?

Answer 31

neuronal signal transduction
myelin formation by oligodendrocytes
tissue water balance in the CNS