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Nervous Systems > NP1B > Flashcards

NP1B Flashcards

1
Q

When a wave of ________________ reaches the end of an axon, it stimulates the release of neurotransmitters that are stored in in vesicles

A

depolarization

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2
Q

synapses often form on __________, and the multiple branches of _________ allow for input from many different axons

A

dendrites

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3
Q

Neurotransmitter release:
Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the ___________ or the ____________ and packaged in membrane-bound secretory vesicles

A

axon terminus, neuron cell body

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4
Q

Neurotransmitter release:
Depolarization activates ______________ that mediate the influx of both Ca++ and Na+, and the rise in intracellular Ca++ causes the fusion of a small number of vesicles containing neurotransmitters to fuse with the plasma membrane of the axon terminus, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

A

voltage-gated Ca++ channels

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5
Q

the space between the axon terminus and the postsynaptic neuron

A

synaptic cleft

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6
Q

neurotransmitter receptor binding:
released neurotransmitters bind receptors on the _____________ neurons

A

postsynaptic

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7
Q

____________ results in either excitation or inhibition of depolarization in the post synaptic neuron

A

receptor binding

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8
Q

opening of sodium channels, increased synthesis of excitatory receptors or decreased synthesis of inhibitory membrane receptors - _______________

A

excitation

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9
Q

opening of potassium channels, increased synthesis of inhibitory receptors or suppression of cellular metabolic function - ___________

A

inhibition

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10
Q

__________ is the junction between an axon and muscle fiber

A

motor end plates

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11
Q

motor end plates are a type of synapse that uses (big/small) ____________ molecular rapidly acting neurotransmitters

A

small

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12
Q

small molecules are ——->

A

rapidly acting neurotransmitters

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13
Q

neuropeptide are ——->

A

slowly acting neurotransmitters

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14
Q
  • mediate long-term effects through enzyme receptors
  • synthesized in the cell body; a neuron may produce more than one type of neuropeptide
  • slow removal from the synaptic cleft
A

Neuropeptide

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15
Q

complex networks for signal transduction are created through a combination of extensive dendritis branching, release of simulatory versus inhibitory neurotransmitters, and stimulation of postsynaptic inhibitory versus stimulatory receptors. thus, input from numerous presynaptic neurons may influence the activity of a single postsynaptic neuron.

A

synaptic complexity

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16
Q

(true/false) Excessive activation of excitory ion channel receptors can contributr to disease and death.

A

true

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17
Q

________ occurs when there is excessive release of an excitory neurotransmitter from an injured or degenerating neuron

A

Excitotoxity

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18
Q

During excitotoxity the neurons release excessive amounts of __________

A

glutamate

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19
Q

Glutamate binds _____________ ion channel receptor, resulting in an influx of both Na+ and Ca++

A

NMDA -> N-methyl-d-aspartate

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20
Q

What leads to excessive Ca++ entry into the post synaptic neuron, activating enzyme systems that can kill the cell?

A

Excessive glutamate-NMDA receptor interaction

21
Q

Which are the enzyme systems that can kill the cell?

A

proteases
nitric oxide synthetases
phospholipases
endonucleases

22
Q

Excitotoxicity has been implicated in:

A

stroke
hypoglycemia
viral infections
neurogenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease)

23
Q

What inhibits normal removal of acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft?

A

Organophosphate
Carbamate toxicity (insecticides)

24
Q

Small molecule rapidly acting excitatory neurotransmitter, and the signal is terminated through the activity of the catalytic enzyme acetylcholinesterase - ____________

A

acetylcholine

25
Q

What inhibits acetylcholinesterase, resulting in no way to terminate the stimulatory signal?

A

Organophosphates
carbamate

26
Q

What does neurotoxic mushrooms (Inocybe and Clitocybe species) contain that can activate a type of acetylcholine receptor in the peripheral autonomic nervous system?

A

muscarine

27
Q

Symptoms include constricted pupils, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia, hypotension, labored breathing and sometimes death. Effects can be reversed with atropine, which blocks the interaction between muscarine and its receptor

A

Neurotoxic mushrooms - contains muscarine that can activate a type of acetylcholine receptor

28
Q

(true/false) Insecticide and mushroom toxicities can cause death, causing structural changes that can be detected on post mortem examination

A

false - can cause death WITHOUT causing structural changes that can be detected

29
Q

Axon is maintained primarily by the neuron ____________.

A

cell body

30
Q

____________ are easily recognized microscopically by extensive profiles of rough endoplasmic reticulum that stain blue with hematoxylin and eosin. (known as Nissl substance)

A

Cell bodies

31
Q

The larger the axon, the (smaller/larger) ______________ the cell body

A

larger

32
Q

The axon volume in _____________ times that of the cell body

A

1000

33
Q

Which cells are needed to contribute metabolic support along the axon’s length?

A

Glial Cells

34
Q

Neuraxonal dystrophies can have a genetic basis compounded by lower _____________ levels in blood.

A

antioxidant

35
Q

Examples of Neuraxonal Dystrophies:

A

degenerative myelopathy in dogs
equine degenerative myeloencephalopathy

36
Q

The dilated segments of axon are known as:

A

spheroids

37
Q

Wallerian degeneration: Thus us the equivalent of amputating the axon, where the segment distal to the amputation _______, and the proximal section _______

A

dies, survives

38
Q

Why can axons in the periphery regenerate?

A

Axons in the periphery can regenerate because nerve sheaths provides a guide for the axon to find its original destination

39
Q

If the the nerve sheath is displace, them axon sprouting can go in multiple directions, creating a mass of highly sensitive nerve endings known as a _____________

A

neuroma

40
Q

Where in the nervous system do axons lack guides and regeneratuion does not occur?

A

central nervous system

41
Q

What has high metabolic rate and specialization, and are also susceptible to selective injuries?

A

Neurons

42
Q

When can selective neuronal degeneration and necrosis occur?

A

With extreme forms of hypoxemia and hypoglycemia

43
Q

degenerate cells will first lose their:

A

Nissl substance and this is reffered to as central chromatolysis

44
Q

What is often required to establish the cause of neuronal degeneration and/or necrosis?

A

Clinical Data

45
Q

Clumps of material in the neuron (inclusions) may reflect:

A

degenerative disorders
viral infection

46
Q

Vacuoles (bubbles) suggest a:

A

metabolic disorder known as lysosomal storage disease or (depending upon distribution) prion disease

47
Q

(true/false) Neurons can be replaced

A

False

48
Q

Organophosphate toxicity and neurotoxic mushrooms share what in common?

A

excessive stimulation of excitatory ion channel receptors on the post synaptic neuron

49
Q

Which of the following represents a defect in transport mechanisms that allows the neuron cell body to support the axon?

A

Neuraxonal dystrophy

Nervous Systems (24 decks)

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