NORMAN ENGLAND- CHESTERTON Flashcards
Which King was the first to give up some of his royal authority?
Edward the Confessor
Name the 4 contenders for the throne in 1066?
Harold Godwinson, Harald Hardrada, Edgar, William Duke of Normandy
What type of promise stated that William would inherit the throne?
Post-Obitum
What type of promise stated that Harold would inherit the throne ?
Novissima Verba
Which two earls were in charge of the Saxons at Fulford Gate?
Edwin and Morcar
What Battle led to the deaths of Hardrada and Tostig?
Stanford Bridge
William had the support of whom? It was apparent due to papal banner.
The Pope (William had promised to reform the corrupt English churches)
What was Harold’s main tactic on Senlac hill during the Battle of Hastings?
Shield Wall
When was William crowned King?
Christmas Day 1066
Harold had two main types of soldiers?
The housecarls and fyrd
What was the tactic William used to break the English shield wall at Hastings?
Feigned Retreat
Who died at the Battle of Hastings?
Harold Godwinson
Where did Edgar and the leading earls swear loyalty to William?
Berkhamsted
Which city rebelled against William in 1068 and lasted 18 days before surrendering?
Exeter (led by Harold’s mum Gytha was involved)
Who was beheaded during the rebellion of the Norman Earls?
Waltheof
What type of castles did William first build? Where was the first one built?
Motte and Bailey
Pevensey
Who rebelled against William along the Welsh Border?
Edric the Wild
Who rebelled against William by attacking Dover castle?
Eustace but he was defeated
What happened to the North in 1069 after rebels killed Earl Robert and 900 of his men?
Harrying of the North
Who had a grudge against William the Conqueror as they had killed his brother?
Hereward the Wake
Who betrayed Hereward and helped William attack him?
Monks from the Abbey
Who teamed up with the English rebels in 1069 helping to capture the castle in York?
Danes
How did William get the Vikings to leave in 1069?
Paid them
Which famous Abbey was used by Hereward as a base to rebel against William?
Ely Abbey
Who replaced the Earls in the feudal system?
The Barons (there were 6 earls replaced by 200 Barons and Bishops)
What ordeal was added to the law system by the Normans?
Ordeal by combat (Fire and water already existed, the church was involved in all 3)
What was the name of the book created to help William I tax his kingdom?
Domesday book
What key word means that only the eldest son would inherit land?
Primogeniture (this reduced the amount of landowners giving William I more control)
Servitium debitum meant tenants-in-chief (land owners) had to provide an agreed number of what for 40 days a year?
Knights
Land distribution changed under the Normans. It was the main way William I imposed control. What percentage of land did William I own?
20%
By 1100 the King could call on about 5000 knights. What did knights swear to their lords?
Oath of Fealty
William kept some features of Anglo-Saxon government. England was still divided into 134 what?
Shires
William I gave the impression of continuity by issuing orders as what?
Royal writs
William I dealt with the Welsh border by granting land to his most trusted supporters. These marcher Lords has special powers. What could they build without the King’s permission?
Castle
William I used what system to give him enormous powers of patronage?
Feudal System
What type of court dealt with serious crimes like treason and murder?
Kings Court
Which type of court was introduced by William I to allow Lord’s to deal with tenants disputes and cases of crime while supervising property transactions?
The Lord’s Court
What fine meant that if a Norman was killed by an English person, the local community had 5 days to hand over the killer or face a heavy fine?
Murdrum fines
In 1085 what did William I create to tell him what land and property there was, who owned it, and what it was worth?
Domesday book
There was no police force in medieval times. Name the 4 ways Normans enforced the law?
Watchmen, tithing, hue and cry and constables
What is this a definition of? A group of freemen promised to keep each other out of trouble. If one committed a crime the rest had to report him or they would all be punished?
Tithing
England’s 134 shires were divided into 7 regions and William’s commissioners visited every manor in under a year. How many places did they visit?
13,400
Daily life in villages remained much the same. What month was the most important of the year when the harvest happened, and sheep were sheared?
June
What two food types did the rich not eat as they were seen as food for the poor?
Dairy and Vegetable
Some villages fell in value. Pickering fell from £88 to how much due to the Harrying of the North?
£1
Which type of court would solve a dispute over ploughing?
Manors Court
What group of people were brought to England to manage finance and fund business?
Jewish Moneylenders
Trade increased as England was now connected to Europe. Which trade did well from cloth markets in Flanders?
Wool
What percentage of the population lived in Norman towns?
5%
Town citizens (burgesses) had special freedoms such as the right to be tried only in what court?
30,000
There were opportunities to join a trade in the town. Young men could be an apprentice for how many years before becoming a journeyman then a master craftsman?
7 years
By 1086, how many towns had a population over 2000?
18
There were a wider variety of jobs in the town. Name one.
Baker, blacksmiths, amourers
Around what features were new towns built?
Nears castles, rivers, coasts, where rebellious populations were
What happened to the percentage of slaves under the Normans?
Reduced to less than 10% of the population as the church frowned upon slavery
What was it called when you held more than one position in the church?
Pluralism
What was the term for buying positions in the church?
Simony
How was Edward the Confessor related to Harold Godwinson?
They were brothers in law (Edward the Confessor even made Harold sub-regulus)
Name one of the 4 main problems with the English Church William I wanted to reform?
Simony, pluralism, nepotism, priests being married
What type of vow had many of the English clergy broken by getting married?
Celibacy
Who was appointed as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1070?
Lanfranc
What two new positions did Lanfranc introduce into the church?
Deans and Arch Deacons
Who became Archbishop of Canterbury a year after Lanfranc died at the request of Rufus?
Anselm
What two things did Lanfranc create to help reform the church?
Church courts and synods
What happened to the number of parish churches from 1070-1170?
They doubled
By the early 1100’s the Normans had knocked down nearly every Anglo-Saxon Cathedral. Where were cathedrals moved to?
Large towns and cities
What style were Norman cathedrals built in? This included thick walls, rounded arches and sturdy pillars.
Romanesque
In what type of court did Rufus put the Bishop of Durham, William of St Calais, on trial?
The King’s court (demonstrating his authority over the church)
What 3 vows did the Benedictine monks and nuns follow?
Poverty, chastity and obedience
William I originally had a good relationship with Pope Alexander. Which pope did William I refuse to swear loyalty to?
Pope Gregory
Most monasteries in England belonged to which strict religious order?
Benedictine
Lanfranc introduced monastic reforms from 1077. What in particular did he reform?
The liturgy
The Normans gradually replaced English Church Leaders. By 1086 how many Anglo- Saxon abbots were left?
3
Lanfranc’s reforms dramatically increased monasticism. The number of monks and nuns rose from 1000 to what?
5000
What was the name of the first English University? It was the first and only one until 1209
Oxford
What reappeared under William Rufus in the church?
Simony (Ranulf Flambard paid £1000 to be Bishop of Durham)
Many monasteries became what? There were 24 in England by 1135
Cluniac
Monasteries had a significant impact on education. Many more church schools were formed under the Normans. Name one of the 5 areas they focused on.
Bible studies, Latin, Law, Music and Maths
Peasants continued to speak English but upper and middle classes were increasingly taught Norman-French. This developed into Anglo-Norman the main language used in schools and courts. How many modern English words today are based on French?
25%, a quarter
Who was put on trial by Rufus as he had not provided troops to stop a rebellion?
William of St Calais
Who did not replace Lanfranc when he died as he wanted to keep the income from his church estates but finally encouraged Anselm to take over?
William Rufus
What was the official language used by the government, the church and merchants across Europe?
Latin
Who became King in 1100 and had a dispute about lay investiture, whether the king could give new bishops the symbol of their position?
Henry II
What Battle led to Edwin and Morcar fleeing and a victory for Hardrada?
Fulford Gate
All peasants had to pay what to the church?
10% tax called a tithe
Towns like Drotiwich grew as a result of the production and sale of what?
Salt
What day did peasants get off?
Sunday ( a holy day to go to church or take part in fairs and festivals)
Markets and fairs were popular in Norman England. How many grants did William give out ?
2800
How many rooms did a peasants house have?
1
What type of system did peasant’s use to grow crops? There were no closed fences.
Open field system
In 1064 William claimed that Harold had sworn on what to support his claim?
Holy relics
Who revolted against William I in 1075?
Norman Earls
What recorded the Battle of Hastings from a Norman point of view?
Bayeux Tapestry (William’s half brother Bishop Odo was in charge of its creation)
William was Duke of Normandy from what age?
7
What percentage of land did the church hold in Norman England?
25%
Who were William’s three sons and what did they get when he died?
William Rufus got England, Robert Cuthose got Normandy and Henry 1st got £5000
