Normal Parturition pt. 1 Flashcards
The physiologic process by which the pregnant uterus
delivers the fetus and placenta from the maternal anima
parturiton
to be ready to bear a young
one”; related to partus, the past participle of parere – “to
produce”
parturire
parturition starts with
fetal stress
fetal stress is followed by the release of fetal _____which then release the fetal ___
ACTH, cortisol
fetal cortisol releases 4 hormones
placental p4, e2, PGF2alpha, relaxin
e2 fxn:
myometrial contractions, ‘
pressure,
cervical stimulation,
oxytocin,
maximum secretion
pgf2alpha fxn
luteolysis
relaxin fxn
pelvic lig. stretching
Udder enlargement (4 months before parturition young animal and 1-2 weeks before parturition in adult animal)
Vaginal Discharge (7 months)
Relaxed pelvic ligaments / raised tail head (24-48 hours);
Anorexia
cow
Udder development beginning 2 to 6 weeks before giving birth ;
Waxing of teats 1-2 days before foaling;
relaxation in the pelvic region occurs progressively during the last 7-14 days of gestation
mare
Development of vulvar laxity and edema
Scanty vulvar discharge
Relaxation of pelvic ligaments
Udder enlargement, and a change in the amount and character of mammary secretion (last 2 weeks)
Udder becomes engorged within the last few days before givibg birth
Accumulation of waxy secretion on teat ends (1 to 4 days before giving birth)
mare
Reduced appetite and restlessness;
standing up and lying down and if bedding is available chewing and moving this around in her mouth
sow
Vulva stretched out and becomes red and swollen;
will miss a feeding;
Separate herself from the flock shortly before labor begins
ewe
Enlargement of udder starting 1-6 weeks prior to birthing;
hollowness on either side of the animal’s tail;
isolation from the rest of the herd
enlarged udder and teats that begin to fill with milk
doe
Temperature decreases by around 1°C the 1 or 2 days prior to whelping (due to low progesterone levels)
Measure temperature twice a day to give an early warning;
restlessness; decreased appetite;
produces a mild clear vaginal discharge 2-3 days prior to birthing;
have mild vomiting and diarrhea within a day or two of birthing
bithc
Nervousness, overgrooming, and panting;
stops eating during the final day of pregnancy;
drop in rectal temperature to less than 37.5°C (last 24 hours and signals impending labor.
Milk will often appear in the mammary glands 24-48 hours).
Prefers to be secluded during the birthing process.
cat
STAGES of parturition
Dilation of cervix (1st stage labor)
expulsion of fetus (2nd stage labor)
expulsion of placenta (3rd stage labor)
Preparation of the birth canal and fetus for expulsion
Changes are not visible externally
what stage?
1st
2nd and 3rd stages canbe separated in polytocous species (dog, cat, sow) t/f
f - cannot
appearance of abdominal contractions superimposed upon each set of myometrial contractions
what stage?
2nd
Signs of discomfort, mild colic, restlessness with elevated pulse and respiratory rate, drop in body temperature
what stage?
1st
Onset of myometrial contractions
Fetus assumes proper disposition for expulsion
what stage?
1st
Disappearance of cervicotubular contractions
Ferguson’s (Fetal Ejection) Reflex
what stage?
2nd
Waves of contractions from uterine tube to cervix; reverse in cow and sow t/f
t
Domestic animals normally eat placenta except cows t/f
f - mare
what stage?
Shrinking of fetal villi due to loss of fetal turgidity from escape of blood from fetal side of placenta with rupture of umbilicus
Separation of fetal membranes due to early degenerative maturational changes in ewe and cow
3rd
what stage?
Weakening of acellular layer of adhesive protein ‘glue line’ between cotyledonary and caruncular epithelium leads to placental separation
Collagenization of placentome and flattening of maternal crypt epithelium in cow (starts last 5 days of gestation)
3rd
Allantochorionic sac ruptures
”Water bag” (Amnion) appears at vulva
Fetal head appears at vulva coincident with maximal uterine and abdominal muscle contractions
what stage?
2nd
Fetal thorax passes through vulva followed by expulsion of hips and hindlimbs
Amnion ruptures allowing fetus to respire
what stage?
2nd
Presentation:
Position:
Posture:
normal in ewe, cow, mare
anterior
dorsal (dorso-sacral)
extended limb
cervical changes:
Loosening of the ground substance due to changes in _____components
collagen
Increased incorporation of ____ which permits collagen fibers to separate with tension
WATER
internal os first followed by external os. t/f
Cervix becomes ___shapes as external os dilates widely
F - ext muna
cone
Simultaneous shortening of the internal os and dilation of icervix t/f
f - shortening of cervix, dilation of int os
the onset of myometrial contractions is due to the presence of
cervicotubular and tubular-cervical contractions
prevent the premature displacement of the fetus/es for orderly expulsion from the horns
Cervicotubular contractions
Frequency increases from ____ per hour in the last 2 hours to 48 per hour just before expulsion 30 per hour in ewe)
12-24
fetal dispositoin: Progressive rotation from dorsal to ventral position t/f
f - vent to dors
Extension of forelimbs head and neck (lamb and puppy);
head and neck only in mare and calf t/f
f - foal and pup partner
calf and lamb
