CONTUSIONS AND LACERATIONS OF THE BIRTH CANAL AND NEIGHBOURING STRUCTURE

Question 1

___ and ___are more likely to be lacerated
than the dilatable vagina

Answer 1

cervix and vulva

Question 2

The ____
surrounding the vagina of heifers of the beef
breeds makes such animals particularly prone to
vaginal contusion when the fetus is oversized

Answer 2

retroperitoneal fat

Question 3

Infection with ____ is then
probable, and a most severe necrotic vaginitis
ensue

Answer 3

Fusiformis necrophorum
(very painful and causes
continuous, exhausting straining and marked toxaemia)

Question 4

All
vaginal contusions and lacerations should be
treated with mild ____ and antibiotic preparations; parenteral ____should also be
given

Answer 4

emollient

antibiotics

Question 5

Caudal epidural anaesthesia, particularly
when demetodine is used, gives temporary relief from
straining t/f

Answer 5

f - xylazine

Question 6

vagina:
rupture complications

Answer 6

peritonitis,
severe pelvic cellulitis with marked toxaemia
straining,
to abscess formation with subsequent vaginal constriction

Question 7

Lacerations of the cervix may
be sutured by applying _____ to the organ and withdrawing it to the
vulva

Answer 7

vulsellum retraction forceps

Question 8

Mattress sutures of nylon, or other
multifilament, absorbable suture material,
should be used, devitalised tissue, including any
loosely attached portions of adipose tissue, being
first removed t/f

Answer 8

F - mono, non abs

Question 9

If lacerations of the vulva and
perineum are left unsutured, scar tissue formation
and distortion impede the ____ of the
vulva, with consequent aspiration of air, vaginitis
and metritis; a special, and much more difficult,
operation is then required.

Answer 9

sphincter action .

Question 10

In cows, previously unsuspected organising
haematomata of the vagina may suddenly prolapse from the vulva ___ weeks after parturition.

These lesions resemble fibromata and are neoplastic and are easily excised.t/f

Answer 10

4-6

f- NOT neoplastic

Question 11

This is a sequel to contusion of the submucous
tissue during delivery.

Answer 11

Haematoma of the vulva

Question 12

two of the lip of the vulva is
usually affected and an obvious round swelling
occupies the vulva orifice t/f

Answer 12

f - one lip

Question 13

The condition may
arise spontaneously in the cows, but in both cows
and mares it is likely to follow assisted delivery in
which considerable manipulation, or forced traction, was required t/f

Answer 13

f - sponty in mares

Question 14

____ of the vulva may
be confused with prolapse, tumour or cyst of the
vagina

Answer 14

hematoma

Question 15

vulva hematoma: If left untreated, natural resolution usually
occurs within a few weeks with resorption of fluid
and regression of swelling t/f

Answer 15

t

Question 16

vulva hematoma: pyogenic
infection ensues and may be accompanied by
____ and distortion of the vulva, with vaginal
aspiration

Answer 16

fibrosis

Question 17

If left for ___ days after labour the
haematoma may be safely incised and the clot
removed without recurrence of haemorrhage. An
abscess should be opened and drained

Answer 17

3 or 4

Question 18

Serious perineal injuries occur during the ___
stage of labour in both the cow and the mare,
mostly in primiparous animal

Answer 18

2nd

(.These injuries may
be classified as first-, second- and third-degree
tears and rectovaginal fistulae)

Question 19

Many heifers sustain slight tearing of the lower
commissure because of vulval stretching during
normal labour but such lesions heal satisfactorily
by 2nd intention without suturing t/g

Answer 19

F - upper comm and 1st intention

Question 20

(tears that extend deeply into the perineum) Such lesions destroy the sphincteric effect of the
vulva and lead to aspiration of air into the vagina, the integrity of the anus is impaired. as well t/f

Answer 20

f - not impaired

Question 21

With greater stretching and tearing during
the second stage of labour, the wound may extend
into and destroy the anal sphincter, thus creating a
___ through which faeces fall into the terminal
vagina

Answer 21

cloaca

Question 22

epithelial repair is rapid t/f

Answer 22

t

Question 23

Despite rapid
epithelialisation, the abnormal communication
between the terminal rectum and vagina persists,
although its extent may be considerably reduced by
wound_____

Answer 23

granulation

Question 24

uncommon spontaneous injuries to cattle, although they occur as
developmental anomalies in cases of anal atresia

Answer 24

simple rectovaginal fistulae

Question 25

result from unsuccessful attempted closure of a third-degree perineal tear, as in the mare.

Answer 25

simple rectovaginal fistulae

Question 26

in mares, the initial injury is usually perforation of the vaginal roof by a ___ which may be deflected ___ during the second stage of labour by a hymeneal rim As a result of vigorous sustained straining, the limb is then likely to perforate the rectum and be forced, possibly with the fetal head, through the ____ , which in turn may be ruptured

Answer 26

fetal forelimb dorsally anal orifice

Question 27

e a third-degree defect is easier to repair surgically than a rectovaginal fistula which would otherwise resu t/f

Answer 27

t

Question 28

_____ of the injury may allow repositioning of the fetal extremities and normal vaginal delivery, but deliberate incision of the perineum and anal sphincter is usually expedient if the rectum is perforated

Answer 28

early recognition

Question 29

most common perineal injury in the mare but rectovaginal fistula formation is still more frequent in the mare than the cow

Answer 29

third-degree tears

Question 30

second-degree defects are rare in the ___ but not uncommon in ___, simply because of the different mechanisms of tearing in the two species

Answer 30

mares, cows

Question 31

advisable to stitch deep perineal wounds that have not perforated the anal sphincter as soon as possible t/f

Answer 31

t

Question 32

Third-degree tears with destruction of the sphincter and rectovaginal fistulae should be stitched up as well t/f

Answer 32

f - left to heal by granulation and surgical reconstruction can be undertaken later if necessary

Question 33

The extent of such defects is considerably reduced by

Answer 33

cicatrisation

Question 34

small, oblique fistulae in the mare does not close completely, but in most cases a significant defect remain t/f

Answer 34

f - walang does not

Question 35

The clinical effects of a third-degree defect are two-fold: continuous ____ of air into the vagina and contamination of the vaginal lumen with ____ or, worse still, accumulation of ____ in its terminal segment

Answer 35

aspiration fecal fluids fecal boluses

Question 36

distorting the lumen, may lead to pooling of urine cranial to the external urethral meatus.

Answer 36

pneuomovagina

Question 37

In both species(cow and mare), therefore, sizeable cloacal lesions result in ____and affected mares are also aesthetically unsuited for other uses because of perineal incompetence

Answer 37

infertility

Question 38

The few animals that are able to maintain a normal pregnancy are generally found to have a caudally sited lesion of very long diameter t/f

Answer 38

f - limited diameter

Question 39

Surgical intervention should be delayed until all tissue surfaces are covered by _____ and this usually takes 6 weeks or so

Answer 39

epithelium

Question 40

In the mares, the ____r is sometimes everted soon after the injury occurs , but it is easily replaced and retained if necessary with sutures. There is no need for other treatment during the intervening period except perhaps for_____ prophylaxis in the mare

Answer 40

urinary bladder tetanus

Question 41

Second-degree defects are easily obliterated by stripping the vaginal mucosa from the normal level of the upper vulval commissure dorsally on both sides and suturing the submucosal tissues as in a ___ operation.

Answer 41

caslick

Question 42

For many years, surgical reconstruction of the perineum was based on the technique described by ____ in 1938

Answer 42

Götze

Question 43

stripping of mucosal surface --> residual shelf b/w rectum and vagina fixed ____ --> seperating the two caviies

Answer 43

caudally

Question 44

rectum and vagina are separated by the construction of a new shelf from tissues in situ without undue tension on suture lines. whose technique is this?

Answer 44

Aanes

Question 45

n cattle, the operation is ideally performed under general anesthesia t/f

Answer 45

f - caudal epi only

Question 46

animal in dorsal recumbency and the hindquarters raised, under general anaesth what animal ?

Answer 46

mare

Question 47

Mares require no dietary preparation. In the cow, a laxative diet without roughage is advisable for 3 days beforehand, followed by overnight starvation t/f

Answer 47

F - baliktad, cows ang walang dietary prep

Question 47

Mares require no dietary preparation. In the cow, a laxative diet without roughage is advisable for 3 days beforehand, followed by overnight starvation t/f

Answer 47

F - baliktad, cows ang walang dietary prep

Question 48

the mare is anaesthetised, a ____ may be inserted to divert urine from the operation si

Answer 48

vesical catheter

Question 49

in cows 6cm deep from the perineum mares longer than this and sometimes extends to the cervix t/f

Answer 49

t

Question 50

cicatrisation results in considerable ____ of the cloaca which should be corrected before suturing is begun

Answer 50

assymetry

Question 51

The curtain of separated vaginal mucosa is then included in the______ sutures of polyglycolic acid which are placed and tied serially from the depth of the wound outward

Answer 51

purse string

Question 52

The operation is completed with ____sutures in the perineal ski

Answer 52

mattress

Question 52

TUnless the vulval length is inadvertently shortened during reconstruction, subsequent parturition in both the cow and the mare usually occurs ____ without the risk of vulval tearing or the need for episiotomy

Answer 52

normllya

Question 53

y. Paradoxically, a simple rectovaginal fistula is easier to repair than a third-degree defectvt/f

Answer 53

f - fistula mas difficult

Question 54

Unless the fistula is deeply sited, it can be exposed satisfactorily by a dorsal commissure ____ which is extended cranially under the anal sphincter and rectal floor beyond the fistula

Answer 54

episiotomy

Question 55

Aanes (1964) recommends that such lesions should first be converted into a cloaca and repaired as such after granulation stops t/f

Answer 55

t

Question 56

Aanes advocated a one-stage operation, but the method to be described for repair of a thirddegree defect is a two-stage procedure with other minor modifications of his suturing technique t/f

Answer 56

f -2 stage yung kay aanes, one stage yung 3rd degree

Question 57

Perineal defects are usually obvious in cows but are nevertheless sometimes not noticed by unwary purchasers.They are less obvious in mares, particularly if the anal orifice remains intact t/f

Answer 57

f - mas obvious sa mares