DYSTOCIA pt. 1 Flashcards
Young dam
Pelvic cavity not yet fully developed
maternal cause of dystocia
Oversized fetus
fetal cause
Size of fetus not enough for maternal pelvic size
Fetomaternal disposition
heredity: two breeds that is considered large
brown swiss, bulldog calf
bulldog: higher incidences of defects like hydrocephalus, achondroplasia and Perosomus elumbis
failure of development of backbone spine
mmobility of joints
Perosomus elumbis:
Arthrogryposis
smaller overall size
shorter limbs; achondroplasia
pituitary dwarf
achondroplastic dwarf
Nutrition and Management factors for dystocia
Small size of the dam
Disproportionate mating
Poor or excess feeding
-Various nutritional deficiencies: Ca, Mg
- calcium deficiency
Grasses like Sudan grass: high oxalate content → prevents absorption of Ca
Energy deficiency: lack of myometrial uterine contractions
Excess: overfeeding
traumatic event examples
ventral hernia; rupture of the prepubic tendon
disproportionate mating can be under both immediate cause and predisposing factor of dystocia t/f
t
immediate cause of dystocia: birth canal factors
Inadequate pelvis
Immaturity
Pelvic fracture
Disproportionate mating
Developmental disease
Insufficient dilation
Failure of 1st stage of parturition
Uterine torsion
Cervical dilation
Vaginal strictures
Vulvar stenosis
maternal expulsive forces
Abdominal
Age
Debility
Pain
Uterine hernia
Rupture of the dipahragm
primary uterine inertia is because of myometrial defect due to?
give other causes:
note: if primary, have contractions at start!
overstretching,
degeneration,
uterine infection,
small litter size or heredity,
large fetus,
excess uterine fluid
Biochemical deficiencies
Environmental disturbance
Nervousness
Oligoamnios (low amniotic fluid volume) - seen in premature birth
Lack of exercise
uterine inertia more common in bitches that have <6 litter size. t/f
f - sows
exhaustion = stops contractility
Contractions but stops as parturition progresses
how to treat this?
to much of this results to>
secondary uterine inertia
t: Calcium borogluconate (CBG) with or without forced extraction
(Give ½ of calculated dose IV, other half SC for sustainability of contractility)
cardiac arrythmia
uterine rupture may be accidental due to rolling to treat _____
the cow must be on its ___ /side to keep the fetus rolling but not the dam
uterine torsion
flank
uterine rupture may be spontaneous, and if it is large, may lead to sudden death t/f
t
what could be the cause of a small uterine ruptre?
transient colic without fetal delivery
Intestines mav be seen protruding from the vulva instead of fetus
treatment of uterine ruture
Laparotomy and repair
DIAGNOSIS: Palpate relative positions of the broad ligaments.
Diagrammed is a 180° clockwise and 180° counterclockwise twist
Fetus and uterus are twisted
Vagina of cattle have longitudinal folds
Uterine Torsion
treatment of uterine trion
-Schaffer method (“plank in flank” method).
Rolling cow around fetus which is kept in place by applying pressure to her abdomen by a person standing on the plank
-Flank laparotomy
schaffer method or flank laparotomy is usually done in mares as it is well tolerated t/f
f - not done, not well tolerated
in abdominal problem what are the causes?
treatment?
diaphrag hernia, abdo hernia, inability to strain (age [arthritis] pain, debility), rupture of prepubic tendon
forced extraction
inedequate pelvis causes
tx?
Fracture, exostoses[lumbar area], immaturity, breed, neoplasia, Small female x large males
c-section
Insufficient Dilation:
Uterus
Insufficient Dilation
cervis
torsion, herniation, adhesion
dilation failure, congenital defects, fibrosis
When uterus rotates on its axis, it affects the cervix t/f
t
insufficient Dilation
Vagina
Vulva
congenital defects, fibrosis, prolapse, perivaginal abscess, strictures, excess fat
congenital defects, fibrosis, immaturity
Atrophy /immaturity of vulva
congenital - microvulva
Seen in cattle with mycotoxin ingestion /mycotoxicoses
Possible consequence
constricted/small size vagina
prolapsed vagina
Less common in buffalo compared to cattle due to more capacious pelvis, larger area of ileum and free and easily separable 5th sacral vertebra (wider)
failure of cervical dilation
failure if cervical dilation more common in ___ aka the ___
in vaginal examination, how many fingers can pass?
sheep and goats aka RING WOMB
only 1 or 2 fingers able to pass
tx of cervical dilatation
- most are used in small ainmals except for 2
misoprostol and valethamate
B-2 adrenergics such as
salbutamol, terbutaline, isoxsuprine HC 50-100 mg IM or IV for cows,
100-150 mg for mares
10-40 mg for sheep and goats) with manual manipulation
2 more drugs for tx of cervcal dilat
Not suggested if parts of fetus are not in the cervical canal hence has imited value
Clenbuterol 0.3 mg IV or IM
Denaverine HCI (400 mg IM) (spasmolytic) (Germany)
hortens the first stage of labor
Results inconsistent
Valethamate bromide (antispasmodic; 80 mg IM in cattle and 24-40 mg in sheep and goats) -
Misoprostol (local application) for cattle but not in mares as it can cause abortion. t/f
f - for mares
f fetus already emphysematous (swelling)
If fetus is already dead
Partial cervicotomy
