contusions prt 2 + rupture of uterus and vagina + bladder Flashcards
When a large fetus is forcibly drawn into the
maternal pelvis the lumbar nerves which pass over
the lumbosacral joint to form the anterior part of
the lumbosacral plexus may be damaged; paralysis
of the ___ or ___ nerves is a possible
result
gluteal or obturator
This is particularly likely when an oversized
fetus becomes impacted in a state of _____, the
nerves being trapped between the lumbosacral
promontory of the mother and the iliac bones of
the calf.
hiplock
damage to lumbosacral plexus
seen in the mare and cow; in
the mare it has followed spontaneous birth.
gluteal paralysis
recognised when the dam is found to have difficulty in rising and when she walks with ‘weakness
of the hindlimbs’
gluteal paralysis
Obturator paralysis is more frequent in mares than
cows t/f
f-freq in cows
legs will be splayed and the cow is
unable to rise.
obturator paralysis
(The obturator nerve supplies the adductor
muscles of the thigh)
Where
there is complete and bilateral paralysis, prognosis
should be ____
guarded
_______together of the hind legs with
a strap applied above each fetlock prevents excessive abduction and secondary tearing of the adductor muscles or fracture of the femoral neck during
attempts to stand.
hobbling
Unless there is marked improvement
within a fortnight, recovery is likely to occur t/f
f - unlikely
slings for obturatory paralysis is given to sheeps t/f
f - cows
Rupture of the uterus may occur spontaneously t/f
t
common cause: faulty obstet technique
Spontaneous rupture is most likely to arise
in association with or with
uterine torsion
cervical non dilatation
uterine distension that occurs with twins in one
horn, with hydrallantois or with excessive fetal size
The most likely time of spontaneous rupture is in
___ gestation or during labour.
late
___predisposes to rupture because the ___ of
the calf fully occupies the maternal pelvic inlet and
allows no egress for the fetal fluid when the uterine
and abdominal contractions build up the hydrostatic pressure within the uteru (Hopkins and Amor)
breech rpesentation, breech
accdg to pearson and denny, 2 major predisposing factors of uterine rupture
uterine
torsion and fetopelvic disproportion
e only evidence of
it is the subsequent finding of a uterine adhesion or
of a mummified fetus among the abdominal viscera or the so called
extrauterine pregnancy
Alternatively, the
dam’s intestines may prolapse into the uterus and
even protrude from the vulva; the condition may
then be confused with dystocia due
schistosoma reflexus in visceral presentation
Accidental rupture
of the uterus is likely to occur in the most simple
dystocia cases t/f
f - difficult cases
3 immediate causes of uterine rupture IIE
Insufficient uterine space for the extension of a limb or head, inordinate traction on a wrongly disposed or oversized
fetus
excessively vigorous retropulsion
other causes of uterine rupture
cervix is incompletely dilated, traction on the fetus
may cause rupture of that organ.
Careless use of the
obstetric forceps in the bitch
external violence as, for example, when the parturient dam falls heavily or receives a severe kick or
horn-gore on its abdomen
the obstetrician must decide to consider these two things after an initial examination of the genital tract in dystocia cases
whether to
proceed with the delivery per vaginam or whether
to perform laparotomy, extract the fetus and repair
the uterine rupture from the laparotomy site
small dorsal rupture is discovered
and the amount of obstetric interference still
required is small. is laparotomy indicated? yes or no
yes
Spontaneous rupture of the vaginal wall in late
pregnant ewes was first described by White (1961), commonly assocuated with
cervical vaginal
prolapse (CVP)
Small intestine passes into the vagina and protrudes from the vulva; frequently the ewe will be
found dead, presumably from shock.
sponty rupture
2 ways to address uterine rupture
CS and repair of tear
y follow a rupture in
the floor of the vagina or eversion through the
dilated urethra (Brunsdon, 1961) and may occur
during or after parturition
bladder prolapse
The kink
that forms in the urethra prevents ______;
thus the organ progressively distends with urine
micturition
eversion of the bladder most likely occurs in what animal?
and rare in what animal?
mare
cow
The organ becomes everted during l______ and
may be injured during fetal ___. I
labor
expulsion
everted bladder shape
pear shaped
most likely in fat
heifers of beef breeds and is a sequel to a rupture
of the vagina, often a small one
perivaginal fat prolapse
procedures that need epidural anesth
prolapse of bladder
eversion of bladder
rectum prolapse
perineal laceration (caudal epi)
severe rectal prolapse commn in what animal
mare
When the prolapse has been present for
some hours, organ has become markedly oedematous
and contused or torn, may be difficult or impossible to replace it and maintain it in position, what should you perform if this happens?
Submucous resection under epidural anaesthesia, or
under a general anaesthetic, must then be carried
out
In the mare, parturient prolapse of the rectum,
no matter how transient, may prove fatal because
stretching or tearing of the colic mesentery can
result in infarction of the terminal colon (Figure
18.9). The affected segment of bowel becomes
atonic, defaecation stops and the mare’s condition
deteriorates insidiously during the next few days t/f
t
a troublesome complication
of puerperal metritis. It is essentially an equine
condition, but the other farm animals are occasionally affected
sequel to what in mares?
PUERPERAL LAMINITIS
retained placenta
after foaling the typical stance of this condition is seen, the hind legs being placed well forward
to ease the weight on the more severely affected
forefeet
laminits
In one type, recumbency is associated with
starvation
how to address recumbency (nutritional0
Premature induction of calving
with corticosteroids
elective
caesarean operation
euthanasia
dietary supplemnation
Affected animals are in good bodily condition and are usually pregnant with twins
syndrome that
appears to be identical to pregnancy toxaemia of
ewes
what are the signs in this 2nd tyoe of recumbency?
sluggish,
appetite is
poor and ketosis,
sometimes accompanied by
icterus, is present
Cases which have been unsuccessfully treated therapeutically have shown
marked
fatty infiltration of the liver
(cause: The cause
may be due to an excess of concentrated food in
early pregnancy and to a deficient diet in late gestatio)
e chief cause of recumbency in
parturient and puerperal cows,
Hypocalcaemia
recumbency signs; hypocalcemia
fetid vulval discharge and diarrhoea
straining is frequent
expiratory
grunt;
the pulse is frequent but the temperature,
although at first raised, may be falling in a case of
advanced toxaemia and is therefore unreliable
should verify the
suspicion of metritis as a cause of recumbency.
vaginal and uterine examination
Other severe toxaemias that may cause parturient
recumbency
e acute mastitis, traumatic pericarditis and peritonitis associated with uterine rupture
True hypocalcaemia occurs occasionally in
sows, but the most likely cause of postparturient
recumbency is toxaemia due to
metritis and mastitis
____one of
the symptoms of toxaemia and hypocalcaemia;
it sometimes results from lack of the_____
Failure of milk secretion
‘letdown
stimulus’.
agalactia in cows is a syndrome not a symptom t/f
f - symptom onlye!
due to muscular
weakness or to lesions of the locomotor system
Physical inability to rise
Locomotor lesions that may
occur during labour and cause recumbency
include dfrp
dislocations of the hip and of the sacroiliac
joints,
fracture of the pelvis, femur or vertebral
column,
rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle and
paralysis of the obturator or gluteal nerves
The examination includes
the humane manipulation of the hindlimbs with
the help of an assistant to determine the presence
of excessive mobility or _______; it is combined
with a rectal examination of the pelvic bones
crepitus
Regional absence of peripheral sensation may
verify nerve paralysis, including _____associated with vertebral fracture
paraplegia
recumbency cases that appear normal in every way.brief application of the ______
causes a determined attempt to rise
electric goad
Where no cause of recumbency can be found in
an animal that appears normal in other respects,
tissue swelling, ____ or ____ in the
vicinity of nerves is possible
oedema or haemorrhage
Experience in
cattle practice shows that if a cow is still unable to
rise after being recumbent for a week, the prognosis
is ____
grave
The best contribution
that can be made to a recovery is the provision of
first-class nursing
ample, soft, clean bedding
which overlies a dry floor and which is frequently
changed.
The patient is turned from side to side as
often as possible,
with concurrent massage of the
limb muscles.
Meanwhile close veterinary attention
is paid to the health of the cow’s uterus and udder
possible sequel to uterine
manipulation for dystocia, retention of the afterbirth or prolapse of the uterus. It is most likely to
be seen in mares 1–4 weeks after foaling.
Puerperal tetanus
