Normal Development Flashcards
what is IQ a measure of and who developed this?
IQ = mental age (MA)/chronological age (CA)
developed by Stern and Kuhlma
what 3 factors influence normal child development?
genetic
nutritional - determines extent to which genetic determinant can be achieved
environmental
how does nutrition affect development?
mother’s nutrition can affect placenta which has an effect on foetus
malnutrition after birth can damage brain cells
how can environmental factors affect development?
alcohol, smoking etc can cause damaging intra-uterine environment
lack of care, stimulation etc after birth can affect development
what defines a new stage in development?
when a new skill is developed
what are the 2 age ranges for developmental milestone?
median age = age when 50% of population of children achieve a skill
limit age = age when skill should have been acquired by 97.5 of the population of children (2 standard deviations)
what is the significance of the limit age?
if skill has not developed by the limit age for that particular skill, might want to be seen by a doctor
how strict are normal milestones?
not always completely strict
can have normal variations
what is required for development of a skill?
opportunity for practice
maturation of nervous system
how does the pattern of development vary amongst children?
sequence should be the same in all children
however rate can vary
in what direction does motor development progress?
cephalocaudal direction (from head downwards and outwards to fine finger control) generalised mass activity/development of synapses which changes to more specific controlled movements
what are the 4 areas of development?
gross motor
fine motor and vision
language and hearing
social behaviour and play
how do the areas of development interact?
while one area is progressing quickly (e.g walking) the other areas may be slightly slower (e.g not much speech development) but this will catch up once walking development has slowed
what are the milestones in gross motor development?
head control = 3 months sitting balance = 6 months crawling = 9 months standing = 12 months running = 18 months stairs (2 feet/tread) = 24 months stairs (alternate feet) = 36 months hopping = 48 months
what primitive reflexes are present in newborns?
sucking and rooting palmar and plantar grasp ATNR (must be lost once conscious movement development - at 3-4 months) Moro stepping and placing
what is the parachute reflex?
develop at 5-7 months to protect from toppling over while sitting
puts a hand down to balance
what is the limit age for walking?
18 months
if not walking at 18 months - should be referred
what are the milestones for fine motor and vision development?
hand regard in midline = 3 months grasps toy - palmar = 6 months scissor grasp = 9 months pincer grip = 12 months points with index finger = 12 months tower of 3-4 bricks = 18 months tower of 6-7 bricks/scribbling = 24 months tower of 9 bricks/copies a circle drawing = 36 months draws a simple man = 48 months
what is the danger with the development of finer grip?
child can pick up small objects/tablets which can cause choking, poisoning etc
how does writing ability develop?
make mark with pencil = 14 months scribbling = 15 months imitate vertical or circular strokes = 24 months copy circle = 36 months copy cross = 48 months copy square = 54 months copy triangle = 60 months grip changes from palmar to more pincer like
what are the milestones for speech and hearing?
vocalise = 3 months
babbles = 6 months
imitates sound = 9 months
knows name = 12 months
2 body parts/5-20 words = 18 months
simple instructions/50+ words = 24 months
complex instructions/asks questions = 36 months
can tell stories of experience = 48 months
very wide range of normal however
at what age should a child know 2 body parts?
23 months
what are the milestones in social behaviour and play?
social smile = 6 weeks pleasure on friendly handling = 3 months plays with feet/friendly with strangers = 6 months plays peek a boo/stranger awareness = 9 months drinks from a cup/waves bye bye = 12 months feeds with a spoon = 18 months symbolic play/puts on some clothes = 2 years pretend interactive play/toilet trained = 3 years understands turn-taking/dresses fully = 4 years
