Child Nutrition Flashcards
what are the 3 phases of child growth?
infant (nutrient led)
child (growth hormone led)
pubertal (sex steroid led)
these phases gradually merge
what is LRNI?
dietary reference value
lower reference nutrient intake = sufficient for 3% of the population with the lowest needs
what is EAR?
dietary reference value
estimated average requirement = used for energy requirements of a population
- about 1/2 will need more than the EAR and 1/2 will need less
what is RNI?
reference nutrient intake = sufficient for 97% of the population
what is the RNI for protein at each age range?
4-6 months = 12.7g
7-9 months = 13.7g
10-11 months = 14.9g
12-18 months = 14.5
how are RNI values for protein met?
generally above the RNI value
what is energy reference values for 0-12 months based on?
energy deposited in new tissues + TEE
- TEE = total energy expenditure (including metabolism, growth etc)
what is energy reference value for 1-18 years based on?
TEE + deposited energy costs using model BMR X PAL
- BMR = basal metabolic rate
- PAL = physical activity level
what does energy deposit equate to?
1% increase in PAL
what is the vitamin A RNI and what are some dietary sources?
RNI = 350-400 micrograms sources - cheese - eggs - yoghurt
is it a worry that over half of children exceed the EAR for energy requirement?
not really
by definition of EAR, half of the population will need more than the EAR for energy
what is the RNI for vitamin C and what are some sources?
RNI = 25-30 mg sources - oranges - blackcurrants - potatoes
what is the RNI for vitamin D and what are some sources?
7-8.5 micrograms
sources
- sunlight
- small amounts in oily fish, eggs
are vitamin D RNI met?
usually not due to lack of sunlight in scotland
should children from 6 months old be taking vitamin supplements?
yes
all children consuming <500ml per day of infant formula should take vitamins A, C and D supplements
should 2 week old babies be taking vitamin supplements?
breastfed babies should be given a supplement of 8.5-10mg of vitamin D per day
why is vitamin D supplementation not required in infants taking more than 500ml of infant formula?
infant formula has added vitamin D
what vitamin supplement should breastfeeding mothers take?
vit D (10 micrograms per day)
what are the department of health RNI for sodium?
<400 micrograms (1g salt) per day in 0-12 months
<800 (2g salt) in 1-3 years
are salt RNIs met?
exceeded
how are calcium and iron RNIs met?
iron = usually slightly below calcium = usually slightly (or hugely in 12-18 months) above
is breastfeeding recommended?
yes
exclusive breastfeeding recommended first line for first 6 months
what is infant formula?
modified cows milk
whey or casein based formulae
no antimicrobial or bioactive substances from breastmilk
guidelines in infant formula?
whey based formula recommended for first year
change of brand or from whey to casein not recommended
guidelines in follow on formula?
no advantage over standard infant formula and therefore not recommended
when does transition from exclusive breast milk feeding to family foods occur?
when breast milk no longer enough to meet nutritional needs
usually around 6 months but never before 4 months
how should infants be fed when weaning off breastmilk?
breast milk still main type of milk consumed
introduce different foods
- energy density of at least 1kcal/g unless meals offered more often
how is cows milk used in infants?
can be used in cooking from 6 months
introduced as drink from 12 months
don’t use semi skimmed before 2 years
don’t used skimed before 5 years
when should complementary foods be introduced?
around 6 months
which types of food should be first introduced?
gluten free if <6 months
don’t add sugar or salt
introduce potential allergy foods one at a time
give foods rich in absorbable iron
low sugar breakfast cereal fortified with iron
avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 years
clean teeth gently twice a day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste
2-3 times per day from 6-8 months
3-4 times per day from 9-11 months and 12-14 months + nutritional snacks
give 3 benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months
greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7.5 years
lower obesity risk for baby in later life
lower maternal breast cancer risk
what are the recommendations for dental health in infants
introduce drinking from a cup or beaker from 6 months old
tooth brushing should begin as soon as teeth appear
how can time of weaning affect risk of obesity?
early weaning = greater risk of obesity in childhood
