Child Nutrition Flashcards by Joanne McEwan

what are the 3 phases of child growth?

infant (nutrient led)
child (growth hormone led)
pubertal (sex steroid led)
these phases gradually merge

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what is LRNI?

dietary reference value

lower reference nutrient intake = sufficient for 3% of the population with the lowest needs

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what is EAR?

dietary reference value
estimated average requirement = used for energy requirements of a population
- about 1/2 will need more than the EAR and 1/2 will need less

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what is RNI?

reference nutrient intake = sufficient for 97% of the population

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what is the RNI for protein at each age range?

4-6 months = 12.7g
7-9 months = 13.7g
10-11 months = 14.9g
12-18 months = 14.5

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how are RNI values for protein met?

generally above the RNI value

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what is energy reference values for 0-12 months based on?

energy deposited in new tissues + TEE

- TEE = total energy expenditure (including metabolism, growth etc)

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what is energy reference value for 1-18 years based on?

TEE + deposited energy costs using model BMR X PAL

BMR = basal metabolic rate
PAL = physical activity level

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what does energy deposit equate to?

1% increase in PAL

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what is the vitamin A RNI and what are some dietary sources?

RNI = 350-400 micrograms
sources
- cheese
- eggs
- yoghurt

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is it a worry that over half of children exceed the EAR for energy requirement?

not really

by definition of EAR, half of the population will need more than the EAR for energy

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what is the RNI for vitamin C and what are some sources?

RNI = 25-30 mg
sources
- oranges
- blackcurrants
- potatoes

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what is the RNI for vitamin D and what are some sources?

7-8.5 micrograms
sources
- sunlight
- small amounts in oily fish, eggs

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are vitamin D RNI met?

usually not due to lack of sunlight in scotland

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should children from 6 months old be taking vitamin supplements?

yes

all children consuming <500ml per day of infant formula should take vitamins A, C and D supplements

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should 2 week old babies be taking vitamin supplements?

breastfed babies should be given a supplement of 8.5-10mg of vitamin D per day

why is vitamin D supplementation not required in infants taking more than 500ml of infant formula?

infant formula has added vitamin D

what vitamin supplement should breastfeeding mothers take?

vit D (10 micrograms per day)

what are the department of health RNI for sodium?

<400 micrograms (1g salt) per day in 0-12 months

<800 (2g salt) in 1-3 years

are salt RNIs met?

exceeded

how are calcium and iron RNIs met?

iron = usually slightly below
calcium = usually slightly (or hugely in 12-18 months) above

is breastfeeding recommended?

yes

exclusive breastfeeding recommended first line for first 6 months

what is infant formula?

modified cows milk
whey or casein based formulae
no antimicrobial or bioactive substances from breastmilk

guidelines in infant formula?

whey based formula recommended for first year

change of brand or from whey to casein not recommended

guidelines in follow on formula?

no advantage over standard infant formula and therefore not recommended

when does transition from exclusive breast milk feeding to family foods occur?

when breast milk no longer enough to meet nutritional needs | usually around 6 months but never before 4 months

how should infants be fed when weaning off breastmilk?

breast milk still main type of milk consumed introduce different foods - energy density of at least 1kcal/g unless meals offered more often

how is cows milk used in infants?

can be used in cooking from 6 months introduced as drink from 12 months don't use semi skimmed before 2 years don't used skimed before 5 years

when should complementary foods be introduced?

around 6 months

which types of food should be first introduced?

gluten free if <6 months don't add sugar or salt introduce potential allergy foods one at a time give foods rich in absorbable iron low sugar breakfast cereal fortified with iron avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 years clean teeth gently twice a day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste 2-3 times per day from 6-8 months 3-4 times per day from 9-11 months and 12-14 months + nutritional snacks

give 3 benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for first 6 months

greater likelihood of higher IQ at 7.5 years lower obesity risk for baby in later life lower maternal breast cancer risk

what are the recommendations for dental health in infants

introduce drinking from a cup or beaker from 6 months old | tooth brushing should begin as soon as teeth appear

how can time of weaning affect risk of obesity?

early weaning = greater risk of obesity in childhood