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Child Health > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

when does human brain development occur?

A

in the 3rd post conception week and continues well into late adolescence/early adulthood and beyond

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2
Q

how do genes influence the brain?

A

determine

  • correct sequence and evolution of the brain from conception to neuronal proliferation, migration and reorganisation
  • development of dendritic and axonal interconnections
  • development of synapses, receptors and neurotransmitters
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3
Q

what can affect the intrauterine environment?

A

maternal health and disease (e.g maternal PKU) insults during pregnancy (continuous/episodic) placental function and fetal nutrition

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4
Q

what can affect the extra-uterine environment?

A

physical factors - nutrition, environmental toxins

emotional and social factors (neglect etc)

exposure to drugs, alcohol etc

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5
Q

what are the stages in brain development?

A

embryonic period (conception - week 9)

fetal development (week 9 - 40/42)

post natal development adolescent brain

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6
Q

describe 5 features of the embryonic period?

A

2 layered embryo

epiblast and hypoblast

primitive streak and primitive node

migration of cells through streak then rostral-caudal migration

determined by nodal signalling

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7
Q

what does the ectoderm develop into during gastrulation?

A

skin hair nails neural tissue

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8
Q

what does the mesoderm develop into?

A

muscle bone cartilage vascular system

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9
Q

what does the endoderm develop into?

A

gut and respiratory system

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10
Q

how does the neural tube develop?

A

first neural structure to develop occurs at 20-27 days

first neural progenitor cells form the neural plate then becomes neural groove then becomes neural tube then becomes neural crest

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11
Q

what does the neural tube develop into?

A

neural progenitors line the inside of the neural tube (called the ventricular zone)

the hollow centre of the tube will become ventricular system and central channel of the spinal cord

anterior/rostral tube will become the brain caudal tube will become the spinal cord

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12
Q

what are the 3 primary brain vesicles from top to bottom?

A

prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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13
Q

what are the 5 secondary brain references?

A

telencephalon (from forebrain)

diencephalon (from forebrain)

mesencephalon (from midbrain)

metencephalon (from hindbrain)

mylencephalon (from hindbrain)

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14
Q

what is the hypoblast?

A

lateral to developing endoderm will eventually be taken over by endoderm as it spreads

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15
Q

what is the epiblast?

A

will become ectoderm

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16
Q

how many layers in the embryonic period?

A

2

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17
Q

how many layers in gastrulation?

A

3 - ectoderm - mesoderm - endoderm

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18
Q

when do the primary brain vesicles develop?

A

3-4 weeks

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19
Q

when do the secondary brain vesicles develop?

A

5 weeks

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20
Q

what is neural patterning?

A

the biological process by which cells in the developing nervous system acquire distinct identities according to their specific spatial positions occurs in embryonic period sets stage for later development

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21
Q

give an example of neural patterning?

A

neocortical patterning neocortex has distinct functional and structural areas

  • anterior/rostral
  • posterior/caudal
22
Q

what are the 2 signalling molecules in the neocortex and how are they significant?

A

Emx2 and Pax6

  • high concentration of Pax6 and low Emx2 which induces progenitor cells to differentiate into motor neurons at the posterior/caudal area
  • low Pax6 and high Emx2 which induces visual and cortical neurons development at the anterior/caudal area
23
Q

what happens during the fetal period?

A

smooth brain (lissencephalic) develops its characteristic folded appearance (sulci and gyrus) happens from week 9 to term

24
Q

when do the primary, secondary and tertiary sulci develop in the brain?

A

primary = 8-26 weeks

secondary = 30-35 weeks

tertiary = week 36 onwards into early infancy

25
Q

what happens to the neuronal progenitor cells during the fetal period?

A

initially cells divide symmetrically (one progenitor provides 2 progenitor cells) at days 25-42 of the fetal period cells then divide asymmetrically to produce one progenitor and one neuron

26
Q

what two cell types make up the ventricular zone and what happens to these cells during the fetal period?

A

progenitor cells and neurons progenitor cells stay where they are and make more cells neurons migrate to the developing neocortex

27
Q

via what 3 methods can neuronal migration occur?

A

somal translocation

radial glial guides

tangential migration and signalling pathways

28
Q

what happens to neurons once they reach their target region (e.g neocortex)?

A

they develop processes which allow them to communicate and transmit information

  • axons (transmit info from neuron)
  • dendrites (transmit info to neuron)
29
Q

describe programmed neuronal cell death

A

part of normal brain development

50% of neurons will die (mostly prenatally)

50% of connections will be eliminated (postnatally and ongoing throughout life)

30
Q

what 2 processes occur in the brain postnatally?

A

postnatal proliferation and migration

myelination

31
Q

describe postnatal proliferation and migration?

A

limited neuronal proliferation from ventricular zone

olfactory bulb develops

dentate gyrus of hippocampus develops

glial progenitors become oligodendrocytes (OPC’s) and astrocytes

32
Q

describe post natal myelination

A

OPCs develop processes which wrap around axons forming myelin sheaths

occurs from bottom to top and back to front of brain

mainly in first 2 years but continues into twenties

33
Q

what are the 2 functions of myelin sheaths?

A

increase axonal conduction rate

maintain axonal integrity and size

34
Q

how is experience involved in brain development?

A

involved in mature organisation of the brain

early experience essential for normal neocortical patterns

brain areas develop differently when input is lacking

35
Q

what are the 7 developmental tasks of adolescence in the brain?

A

establish nurturing and intimate relationships

development of identity

future perspectives

independence

self-confidence

self control

social skills

36
Q

what are the risks in adolescence?

A

time to take risks > elevated risk to health (trauma and substance abuse related deaths and head injuries) and extreme emotions

37
Q

describe the new dogma surrounding when brain development occurs

A

significant reorganisation of the brain occurs in adolescence as well as prenatal period and first 5 years of life

38
Q

what anatomical changes occur in the adolescent brain which are associated with profound emotional and cognitive change?

A

maturation of grey matter (ongoing through life)

  • occurs with synaptic pruning and is experientially determined

concomitant increase in white matter volume

elimination of synapses

changes in neurotransmitter systems

all happens from back to front of brain (sensorimotor cortex > frontal and prefrontal brain)

39
Q

what hormonal changes occur in adolescence?

A

rising gonadal hormone concentrations

brain is full of steroid receptors

pubertal hormones affect brain restructuring > permanent reorganisation

40
Q

how do hormonal effects differ in males and females during puberty?

A

oestrogens make females more prone to stress

androgens make males more resilient to stress (apparently)

41
Q

how does monocular visual deprivation in the early post natal period affect development?

A

altered patterns of organisation within the primary visual cortex

42
Q

how does stimulation of both eyes in the early post natal period affect development?

A

development of ocular dominance columns

43
Q

how does blockage of one eye in the early post natal period affect development?

A

the bands or columns representing the blocked eye shrink to thin stripes and the inputs from the active eye invade and subsume territory in the Primary visual cortex normally occupied by the blocked eye

44
Q

name 2 disorders which result from neural tube problems

A

anencephaly

spina bifida

45
Q

which disorder results from failure of brain vesicles to develop?

A

holoprosencephaly

46
Q

name 3 disorders of myelination

A

hypomyelination

dysmyelination

demyelination

47
Q

what is the PLP1 gene responsible for?

A

gene on X chromosome which encodes a transmembrane proteolipid protein (the main myelin protein in the CNS)

responsible for

  • compaction, stabilisation and maintenance of myelin sheaths
  • oligodendrocyte development - axonal survival
48
Q

what is pelizaeus-merzbacher?

A

disorder causes by mutation of PLP1 gene

49
Q

how does pelizaeus-merzbacher present?

A

nystagmus, hypotonia and cognitive impairment in infancy/early childhood

progresses to severe spasticity and ataxia

shortened life span

50
Q

how can malnutrition affect development?

A

impact on brain growth and volume

impact on myelination

lack of energy and deprivation > lack of post natal stimulation and experiences

disease and debilitation

Child Health (19 decks)

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