noninfectious CNS disease Flashcards
what % of neuro disease in horses is traumatic
24%
what is interesting about the pathophys of a TBI
the coup and contrecoup. causes multi focal lesions in the brain
how do we diagnose traumatic brain injuries
neurologic exam, blood pressure, orthogonal rads and CT
mainstay treatments for TBI
decrease ICP- hypertonic saline
decrease inflammation
prevent sepsis if open fracture- kpen +genta
keep standing
do all fractures require surgery
no. many dont especially if they are minimal or if the fragment is really far away from where it should be
prognosis timeline
first 48hrs are most critical and help determine outcome. keep them standing
right sided central blindness, where is the lesion
left forebrain
right sided head tilt, where is the lesion
right brainstem
eNAD and EDM. what causes them
vitamin E disorders
clinical signs of eNAD and EDM
symmetric ataxia, hypermetria when the head is elevated.
pathophys of eNAD and EDM
caudal brain stem and spinal cord demyelination and axonal loss
what is the difference between eNAD and EDM
eNAD- lesions in the caudal medulla oblongata
EDM- lesions are widespread and can effect the spinal cord
most common post mortem diagnosis for neurologic disease
compressive cervical myelopathy
eNAD/EDM
when does eNAD/EDM become clinical
genetic but expressed when oxidative damage is present– lack of antioxidant vitamin E
other differentials for a ataxic horse with varying neurologic signs
CVCM
EPM
EHV– WNV – EEE
eNAD/EDM
treatment for eNAD/EDM
no treatment once clinical signs are present. need to prevent supplementing vitaminE
what vit E works in horses
water soluble, natural, r-r-r alpha tocopherol
how does EMND differ from eNAD/EDM
EMND affects the motor neurons but both involve a lack of vitamin E
physiology of equine motor neuron disease
generalized neuromuscular weakness and muscle atrophy
different clinical signs with subacte and chronic EMND
subacute– muscle atrophy, muscle fasciculations, toe dragging
chronic– topline m atrophy, poor performance
how to diagnose EMND
sacrocaudalis dorsalis muscle biopsy.
but low vit E is supportive
treatment for EMND
vit e supplementation
what is equine dysautonomia– grass sickness
polyneuropathy that affects autonomic and enteric nervous system –
uk disease
what are the CS of each phase of dysautonomia acute subacute chronic
acute- dysphagia, ptosis, severe GI ileus and impaction
subacute- large colon impaction
chronic- rapid severe wt loss, sweating, dry nose
diagnosis of equine dysautonomia
clinical. but can do phenylephrine eye drops to see if they open
histopath definitive diagnosis
euthanize
facial nerve paralysis, vestibular disease, difficulty chewing
temporohyoid osteoarthropathy
if you have facial paralysis, eye droop (CN VII) head tilt, ataxia (CN VIII) what are your differentials
THO, gutteral pouch disease, otitis media, EPM, tumor
what is THO
osseus proliferation at the stlyohyoid and temporal bone articulation
what is the treatment for THO
ceratohyoidectomy
diagnosis of THO
radiographs but CT is the best
why is hyperammonemia a bad thing
ammonia causes brain damage and induces ROS and NO
bilateral forebrain dysfunction - circling, behavior change, head pressing, central blindness, seizures
hyperammonemia ddx
treatment for hyperammonemia
oral lactulose, treat hepatic disease, antiinflam, manage seizures etc
what causes ELEM
moldy corn. fusarium moniliforme
