non-taeniids in dogs/cats

Question 1

Dipylidium caninum

Answer 1

-“flea” tapeworms
-small intestines
-dogs and cats, people
**specific strains for different species but can cross between them all

Question 2

Dipylidium caninum mature segments

Answer 2

-2 lateral genital pores
-2 sets of genitalia per segment

Question 3

Dipylidium caninum eggs

Answer 3

-proglottids similar to appearance with cucumber seeds

“Egg packets”- each contains up to 30 eggs. Egg contains hexacanth larvae
>heavy, do not float well

Question 4

Dipylidium caninum life cycle

Answer 4

PPP: 2-3 weeks
1. Adults in small intestines
PP:
2.Gravid segments and egg packets released in environment
3. IH Fleas: Flea larvae with cysticercoid, Adult flea with cysticercoid.
4.DH ingests fleas

Question 5

Cysticercoid

Answer 5

-Single protoscolex, no cyst

Question 6

Diagnosis of Dipylidium caninum

Answer 6

based on egg packets or segments in feces
**do not use fecal floats

Question 7

Control of Dipylidium caninum

Answer 7

-Several cestocides for dogs and cats
-treat all pets in house
-flea control imperative

Question 8

Epidemiology of Dipylidium caninum

Answer 8

-global distribution; present wherever fleas are
-more common on coasts and further south
-zoonotic but not directly from pets; must eat flea

Question 9

Mesocestoides spp

Answer 9

-tapeworm
-dogs, cats, wild canids, people
-Coastal N. America
-zoonotic but not directly from pets

Question 10

Mesocestoides spp gravid segment

Answer 10

-Parauterine organ
-Ventral genital pore

**present in feces, not eggs

Question 11

Mesocestoides spp Tetrathyridium

Answer 11

-four suckers on inverted scolex
-can divide asexually

**found on ultrasound, abdominocentesis +/- PCR

Question 12

Mesocestoides spp lifecycle

Answer 12

PPP: 16-20 days
1.Adults in DH; small intestine
PP:
2. Gravid segments released into environment
3. 1st IH: arthropod?
4. 2nd IH: reptile, mammal, bird; has tetrathyridia larvae
5.2nd IH ingested by DH, larvae become adults in intestines
**IF dog ingests first IH, larvae move into peritoneal cavity and becomes the second IH

Question 13

Dibothriocephalus spp

Answer 13

-pseudophyllid cestodes
-2 IH
-ventral genital pores
-fish or braod tapeworms
-DH: dogs, piscivores, people

-worlds largest parasites

Question 14

Dibothriocephalus spp adult

Answer 14

-Have bothrium
-very broad ribbon with central line of genital pores

Question 15

Dibothriocephalus spp gravid segments

Answer 15

-central coiled uterus
-ventral genital pores

Question 16

Dibothriocephalus spp Eggs

Answer 16

-Operculum
-pimple

Question 17

Dibothriocephalus spp life cycle

Answer 17

PPP: 2-4 wks
1.Adults in intestines
PP:
2. Environment: eggs ->coracidium
3. IH1: crustacean ingest coracidium and becomes procercoids
4. IH2: fish ingest IH1 and larvae become plerocercoids
5. Ingested by larger fish, and then dog ingests fish

Question 18

Dibothriocephalus spp diagnosis

Answer 18

-Detection of eggs of segments in feces
*fecal float

Question 19

Dibothriocephalus spp control

Answer 19

-little clinical significant
-off label, high dose praziquantel
-prevent access to raw fish (need to cook or freeze to inactivate)
-prevent dogs from fecal contamination of water

Question 20

Dibothriocephalus spp epidemiology

Answer 20

-distribution determined by wildlife reservoirs
-zoonotic from eating fish: rarely Vit B12 deficiency= pernicious anemia (children)

Question 21

Alaria spp

Answer 21

-trematode
-intestinal fluke
-dogs (cats, wild canids, people)
-aquatic lifecycle

Question 22

Alaria spp adults

Answer 22

-anterior alae

Question 23

Alaria spp eggs

Answer 23

-operculum

-float well

Question 24

Alaria spp life cycle

Answer 24

PPP: 1-2 weeks
1.Adults (hepatotracheal migration; transmammary in cats)
PP:
2. Eggs
3. Miracidium
4. IH1: snail
5. Cercaria
6. IH2: tadpole or frog, with metaceracariae larvae
7. Dog ingests tadpole or frog… or small mammal ingests tadpole/frog which is then ingested by dog

Question 25

Nanophyetus salmincola

Answer 25

-trematode
-intestinal fluke
-Dogs (cats, people, mesocarnivores)
-west coast

Question 26

What does Nanophyetus salmincola transmit?

Answer 26

Transmits Neorickettsia helminthoeca if ingestion of any stage of lifecycle of nanophyetus salminocola
*causes salmon poisoning in dogs

Question 27

How to treat Nanophyetus salmincola?

Answer 27

-fluke with praziquantel,

-rickettsia with doxycycline

Question 28

Nanophyetus salmincola adult

Answer 28

-ventral sucker
-oral sucker
-eggs

Question 29

Nanophyetus salmincola lifecycle

Answer 29

PPP:
1.Adults
PP:
2. Eggs
3. Miracidium
4. First IH snail
5. Cercariae
6. Metacercariae in second IH salmonid fish
7. ingested by dog

Question 30

Metorchis conjunctus

Answer 30

-trematode
-liver fluke
-dogs (rural, remote, north)
-sometimes present in cats, fox, mustelids, people)
-zoonotic from IH ingestion

Question 31

Metorchis conjunctus

Answer 31

-ventral sucker
-oral sucker
-bile duct (pancreatic duct)

Question 32

Metorchis conjunctus egg

Answer 32

-operculum
-lip

Question 33

Metorchis conjunctus life cycle

Answer 33

PPP:
1. Adult
PP:
2. Egg in environment
3. miracidium
4. Snail IH1
5. Cercariae
6. IH2: sucker fish with metacercariae
7. ingested by dog DH

Question 34

Diagnosis of trematodes

Answer 34

-based on detection of eggs in feces
**sedimentation, not flotation

Question 35

Control of trematodes

Answer 35

-usually subclinical
-can use off label praziquantel
-prevent dogs from fecally contaminating water
-prevent access to raw fish/frogs (cook or freeze solid prior to feeding or eating)