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Parasitology > Introduction > Flashcards

Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of Parasitology

A

-heavily represented: 30% eukaryotes are parasites
-linked with many diseases/public health concern
-very profitable in vet med
-linked to aesthetics/human animal bond, production, and welfare concerns

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2
Q

Symbiosis

A

organisms in close association with each other

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3
Q

Mutualism

A

both hosts benefit

ex. bacteria in rumen

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4
Q

Comensalism

A

Neutral relationship

Ex. amoeba inside the cecum/colon of cattle and sheep

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits from the other, causing negative effects to the host

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6
Q

What does the parasite do to the host?

A

**parasite depends on the host for survival and benefits from it

  1. negative effects to host
  2. Greater fecundity than host
  3. Has an over-dispersed host distribution
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7
Q

Endoparasites

A

internal, cause infections

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8
Q

Ectoparasites

A

external, cause infestations

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9
Q

What distribution do parasites follow?

A

**Overdispersed distribution

A lot of hosts have zero or few parasites and a few hosts have lots of parasites
(20:80 rule!!)

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10
Q

Why is it hard to detect parasite presence in a population?

A

Because of overdispersed distribution. Need to happen to select an individual with the parasite to find it, but more likely to select an individual without a parasite

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11
Q

What factors play a role in whether individuals get parasites?

A

-age
-immune status
-sex
-size
-genetics
-resistance/resilience
-behaviour
-metabolism (insect attractants)
- clinical presentation

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12
Q

What factors are important for parasite?

A
  1. Host
  2. Environment
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13
Q

Infective stage

A

life cycle stage infective for host

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14
Q

Shed stage

A

stages passed by host

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15
Q

Pre-patent period (PPP)

A

time between infection and shedding of next generation of parasites

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16
Q

Patent period (patency)

A

period of shedding

17
Q

Prevalence

A

proportion of infected hosts

18
Q

Intensity

A

number of parasites per host (often expressed by proxy of fecal egg counts)

19
Q

Host specificity

A

how restricted a parasites is to certain host species OR ino other words how picky it is!

20
Q

Direct life cycle

A

1.Adult parasites within definitive host
2. Shed stages
3. Environment
4. Infective stages

21
Q

Indirect life cycle

A
  1. Adult parasites in the definitive host
  2. Shed stage in the environment
  3. Juvenile stages within the intermediate host
22
Q

Where does sexual reproduction occur in the indirect life cycle?

A

No sexual reproduction by the juvenile stages in the intermediate host. Only occurs in adult parasites in the definitive host

23
Q

Juvenile stage reproduction in indirect life cycle

A

no sexual reproduction

Asexual reproduction may occur

24
Q

Definitive host

A
  • obligatory for all parasites
    -only host in a direct life cycle
  • if parasite undergoes sexual reproduction, then it will occur in DH
25
Q

Intermediate Host

A
  • obligatory for endoparasites with indirect life cycles
  • parasite undergoes development within the IH, sometimes asexual reproduction but does not undergo sexual reproduction
26
Q

Which parasites need intermediate host?

A
  • all cestodes, and trematodes
    -some nematodes and protozoans
27
Q

Paratenic host

A

-helpful host for transmission but is not required

  • helps with infection but no reproduction or development will occur within the host
28
Q

Vector

A

-mobile transport host
-often an arthropod

-can be biological (pathogen undergoes development or amplification) OR mechanical

29
Q

Transport

A

-no infection, simply mechanical transport

-helpful for transmission but not required (facultative vs. obligatory)

30
Q

Protozoa oocyst

A

-hardy, thick walled spore that can survive for lengthy periods outside host

31
Q

What organisms create oocysts?

A
  • Elmeria
    -Isospora
    -Cryptosporidium
    -Toxoplasma
32
Q

Protozoa stages

A
  1. Sporozoites
  2. Trophozoites
  3. Hypnozoite
  4. Bradyzoite
  5. Tachyzoite
33
Q

Sporozoites

A

infective cell form

34
Q

Trophozoites

A

intracellular stage that feeds and grows

35
Q

Hypnozoite

A

quiescent stage

36
Q

Bradyzoite

A

slow growing form responsible for parasitic infections

37
Q

Tachyzoite

A

rapid growth and replication

38
Q

Protozoa reproduction

A

Asexual
1.Binary fission
2. Schizogony

Sexual
1.Gametogony

39
Q

Schizogony

A
  1. occurs when the trophozoites grow super large, the nucleus divides many times resulting in the schizont.
  2. Schizont matures and becomes merozoites

Parasitology (12 decks)

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