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Parasitology > Intro- Parasite groups > Flashcards

Intro- Parasite groups Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Helminths

A
  1. Nematodes (roundworms)
  2. Cestodes (tapeworms)
  3. Trematodes (flukes)
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2
Q

Helminth taxonomy slide??

A
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3
Q

Nematode visual identifiers

A

*tubes and tails

-cuticle w/ alae
-buccal capsule containing teeth

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4
Q

Male nematode reproductive system

A
  1. Copulatory bursa w/ bursal rays
  2. Spicules- used to open the females vulva and mate
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5
Q

Nematode lifecycle and stages

A
  • both parasitic and free living stage

-both direct and indirect life cycles

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6
Q

Nematode size

A

less than 1mm to 1m long

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7
Q

Nematode sexes

A

-Dioecious (separate sexes)

**sexual reproduction occurs in definitive host

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8
Q

Nematode eggs

A
  1. Eggs (oviparous)
  2. Larvated eggs (ovoviviparous)
  3. Larvae (viviparous)- can migrate and cause pathology
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9
Q

Cestode visual keys

A
  • hooks and segments

-Scolex w/ suckers and rostellum +hooks
-Segments: immature, mature, gravid

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10
Q

Cestodes lifecycle and stages

A

-All parasitic
-All indirect life cycle with intermediate host. Adults in DH parasitize the GI system and may cause few problems (low pathogenicity) and produce eggs immediately

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11
Q

Cestodes sexes

A

-All hermaphroditic

-Asexual reproduction may occur

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12
Q

Cestode size

A

from 2mm to 12m+

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13
Q

Cestode transmission

A

Through ingestion (DH ingests IH, IH ingests eggs)

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14
Q

Cyclophyllid cestode life cycle

A

1.DH- protoscolices develop to scolex in adults
2.DH- egg w/hexacanth larvae pass into feces
3.External environment- ingested by intermediate host
4. IM- Hatch; Hexacanth larvae develop to metacestode with one or more protoscolices
5.Ingested by DH

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15
Q

Cyclophyllid metacestode larval stages

A

-single protoscolex cysticercoid
- multiple protoscolices Coenurus
- Cystic hydatid
- Cysticercus

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16
Q

Trematodes visual keys

A
  • Snails and suckers

-Mouth, oral sucker, ventral sucker, pharynx, caeca , testes, ovary

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17
Q

Trematode stages and lifecycle

A

-All parasitic
- All indirect life cycle with intermediate hosts
**IM=SNAIL

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18
Q

Trematode size

A

less than 1mm to 10cm

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19
Q

Trematode sexes

A
  • most hermaphroditic (except schistosomes)

-sexual reproduction in DH
- Asexual reproduction in IH Snail

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20
Q

Trematode adult and larval stages

A

Adult: parasitise GIT and lungs ot DH; often pathogenic

Larvae: Parasitize tissues of IH; can be pathogenic (ex. snail castrators, zombie ants)

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21
Q

Trematode basic lifecycle

A

1.DH- Adult
2.DH- Adult lays egg with morula which is passed in feces
3. Water- Egg with miracidium
4. Water- Hatches into miracidium which penetrates snail foot
5. Snail IH- sporocyst develops into redia and then into cercaria which ends up on vegetation
6. IH/vegetation- Metacercaria which are ingested by DH, and develop into adult

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22
Q

Arthropods

A

-bugs
-fleas
-flies
-lice
-mites
-ticks

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23
Q

Arachnida

A

mites and ticks

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24
Q

Insecta

A

-Bugs (hemiptera)
- Lice (phthiraptera)
- Fleas (Siphonoptera)
- Flies (Diptera)

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25
Q

Mite characteristics

A

-dorso-ventrally flattened
-larva: 6 legs
-nymph, adult: 8 legs
- variable host specificity
-microscopic (less than 1mm)

26
Q

Burrowing mites

A

short legs, round body

27
Q

Surface mites

A

-long legs, oval body

28
Q

How can you tell the difference between mite species?

A

Variations of the pedicle, sucker/caruncle?

29
Q

Mite leg parts

A

Pretarsus (with sucker/caruncle, and pedicle)

30
Q

Mite basic lifecycle

A

1.Adults
2. Eggs
3. Larvae
4. Nymphs

31
Q

Tick characteristics

A

-dorso-ventrally flattened
- Larva: 6 legs
- nymph and adults: 8 legs
- variable host specificity
- macroscopic (3-12 mm)

32
Q

Hard ticks family vs soft ticks family

A

Hard: Ixodidae
Soft: Argasidae

33
Q

Tick life cycle

A

**8 weeks to 2/3 yrs (host dependent

Host 1: male and female adults mate, lay eggs in environment

Host 2: larvae take blood meal; molt to nymph in environment

Host 3: nymphs take blood meal; molt to adults in environment

34
Q

Hard ticks different sexes and their scutum

A

Males: scutum over whole back
Females: anterior scutum- allows for better expansion when feeding

35
Q

Hard tick physical characteristics

A

-Scutum- hard shell
-Festoons- help with tick expansion
- Capitulum
- anal groove (varies depending on species)

36
Q

Lice characteristics

A

-dorso ventrally flattened
-1-8mm
-6 legs as adults; no wings
-extremely specific hosts

37
Q

Chewing lice

A
  • Mallophaga (Ischnocera)

-feed on skin scuf
-head wider than thorax, yellow

38
Q

Sucking lice

A
  • Anoplura

-feeds on blood
- head narrower than thorax
-shorter first pair of legs
-grey to dusky red

39
Q

Lice life cycle

A

** ~ 3 weeks

1.Adult on host feeding on blood or dander
2.Eggs (nits) on host
3. Nymphs on host feeding on blood or dander

40
Q

Flea characteristics

A

-laterally flattened
-6 legs, last pair are very well developed
-not host specific

41
Q

What differs flea species?

A

-presence of combs
-shape of head
-spines

42
Q

Flea lifecycle

A

**at least 3 weeks; complete metamorphosis

  1. Adults on host
  2. Eggs in environment
  3. Larvae in environment
  4. pupae in environment
43
Q

Arthropods

A

Flies!

Includes nematocera, cyclorhapha, brachycera

44
Q

Nematocera

A

-mosquitoes, blackflies, midges

45
Q

Brachycera

A

-horseflies, deerflies

46
Q

Cyclorhapha

A

-faceflies, hornflies, botflies

47
Q

Biting flies

A

-mosquitoes, midges, horse flies, stable flies, sand flies

48
Q

Secretion feeding flies

A

faceflies

49
Q

Mylasis flies

A
  1. Obligate- larva must develop in live host= bots/warbles, maggots
  2. Facultative: larva may opportunistically develop in live host= maggots
50
Q

Phylum sarcomastigophora

A

-moves by flagella or pseudopodia
- incudes sarcodina and mastigophora

51
Q

Sarcodina

A

-phylum sarcomastigophora
-amoeboid movement
-direct lifecycles
-ex. Entamoeba

52
Q

Mastigophora

A

-phylum sarcomastigophora
- on or more flagella
-direct or indirect lifecycles
-ex. Leishmania, Trypanosoma, Giardia, Tritrichomonas

53
Q

Phylum Apicomplexa

A
  • has apical organelle used to penetrate host cell

-includes coccidia, piroplasmidia, haemosporidia

54
Q

Coccidia

A
  • phylum apicomplexa
    -obligate intracellular
    -sexual and asexual reproduction
  • environmental resistant oocysts/sporocysts
    -direct/indirect lifecycles

-ex. Eimeria, Toxoplasma, Neospora, Sarcocystis

55
Q

Piroplasmidia

A
  • phylum apicomplexa
  • parasites of blood cells
    -sexual reproduction occurs in vectors (ticks)
  • indirect lifecycles

ex. Babesia, Theileria, Cytauxzoon, Hepatozoon

56
Q

Haemosporidia

A
  • phylum apicomplexa
  • parasites of blood cells
    -sexual reproduction occurs in vectors (blood sucking dipterans)
    -indirect lifecycles

ex. Plasmodium

57
Q

Mucosoflagellate direct life cycle- Giardia

A
  1. Trophozoites in host (asexual reproduction on mucosa)- shed in feces
  2. Cysts in environment are ingested by host
58
Q

coccidia Merogony

A

-Asexual multiplication; defined number of generations for each species

-most damaging period during protozoa invasion because bursting/damage to intestinal epithelial cells

59
Q

coccidia Protozoa- sexual reproduction

A

Microgametes (male) invade macrogamonts (female) and form a zygote. Then oocyst is shed in feces

60
Q

Apicomplexans merogony

A

-asexual

  1. intestine of DH- mother cell (meront) in intestinal epithelium produces merozoites
  2. IH: tissue cyst forming coccidia. Leads to fast dividing tachyzoites (systemic) and slow dividing bradyzoites (within tissue cysts)
61
Q

Apicomplexans gametogony

A
  • sexual leading to fertilized zygote; formation of gametes in intestinal epithelium

Female: macrogametocyte
Male: microgametocyte

62
Q

Apicomplexans sporogony

A

Zygote divides into sporozoites which are infective for next host

Parasitology (12 decks)

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