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Chemistry > Non-metals and their Compounds > Flashcards

Non-metals and their Compounds Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the commercial methods of hydrogen production?

A

Hydrogen is commercially produced from water gas and by cracking petroleum fractions.

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2
Q

How is hydrogen prepared in the laboratory?

A

Hydrogen can be prepared in the laboratory by reacting a metal like zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid or by electrolysis of water.

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2
Q

What are the uses of hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia, hydrogenation of fats and oils, as a reducing agent, and as a fuel in rockets.

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2
Q

What are the key properties of hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas that burns with a pale blue flame, forming water.

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3
Q

What is the test for hydrogen?

A

Hydrogen gas pops with a ‘squeaky pop’ sound when a lit splint is brought near it.

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4
Q

How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory?

A

Chlorine can be prepared by reacting hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate.

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5
Q

How is chlorine produced industrially?

A

Chlorine is produced industrially by the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride solution).

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6
Q

How is hydrochloric acid prepared?

A

Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.

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6
Q

What are the uses of chlorine?

A

Chlorine is used for water sterilization, bleaching, manufacturing hydrochloric acid, plastics, and insecticides.

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7
Q

What are the properties of chlorine?

A

Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent odor, and it is highly reactive, especially with metals and organic compounds.

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8
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9
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10
Q

How is oxygen prepared in the laboratory?

A

Oxygen can be prepared by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate in the presence of a catalyst like manganese dioxide.

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10
Q

What is the test for chlorides?

A

Chlorides can be tested by adding silver nitrate solution, which forms a white precipitate of silver chloride that is soluble in ammonia.

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11
Q

How is oxygen produced commercially?

A

Oxygen is produced commercially from liquid air by fractional distillation

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12
Q

What are the different types of oxides?

A

Oxides can be acidic, basic, amphoteric, or neutral.

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12
Q

What is the significance of ozone in the atmosphere?

A

Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, protecting living organisms on Earth.

13
Q

What are the allotropes of sulfur?

A

The allotropes of sulfur include rhombic sulfur and monoclinic sulfur.

14
Q

How is sulfur dioxide (SO₂) prepared?

A

Sulfur dioxide is prepared by burning sulfur in air or by the reaction of sulfite salts with acids.

15
Q

What are the properties of sulfur dioxide?

A

Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent smell and is a reducing agent.

16
Q

What are the uses of sulfur dioxide?

A

Sulfur dioxide is used in the production of sulfuric acid, as a preservative, and as a bleaching agent.

17
Q

What is the Contact Process?

A

The Contact Process is the industrial method for producing sulfuric acid by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, followed by absorption in water.

18
Q

What are the properties of hydrogen sulfide?

A

Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a rotten egg smell, and it is a weak acid and a strong reducing agent.

18
Q

What is the test for sulfates (SO₄²⁻)?

A

Sulfates can be tested by adding barium chloride solution, which forms a white precipitate of barium sulfate that is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.

18
Q

How is hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) prepared?

A

Hydrogen sulfide is prepared by the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with iron(II) sulfide.

19
Q

What is the test for sulfides (S²⁻)?

A

Sulfides can be tested by adding lead acetate solution, which forms a black precipitate of lead sulfide.

20
Q

How is nitrogen produced industrially?

A

Nitrogen is produced from liquid air by fractional distillation.

20
Q

How is nitrogen prepared in the laboratory?

A

Nitrogen can be prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite.

21
Q

What is the Haber Process?

A

The Haber Process is the industrial method for producing ammonia by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature in the presence of an iron catalyst.

22
Q

What are the properties of ammonia?

A

Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, highly soluble in water, and acts as a weak base.

22
Q

What is the test for ammonium ions (NH₄⁺)?

A

Ammonium ions can be tested by adding sodium hydroxide and warming the solution, releasing ammonia gas, which turns damp red litmus paper blue.

23
Q

How is nitric acid (HNO₃) prepared in the laboratory?

A

Nitric acid is prepared by reacting ammonia with concentrated sulfuric acid and heating.

24
Q

What are the properties of nitric acid?

A

A: Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent, and it reacts with metals, non-metals, and organic compounds.

25
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

The nitrogen cycle is the natural process of nitrogen conversion between its various chemical forms, essential for life on Earth.

26
Q

What are the allotropes of carbon?

A

The allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.

27
Q

How is carbon dioxide (CO₂) prepared in the laboratory?

A

Carbon dioxide is prepared by reacting a carbonate or bicarbonate with an acid.

28
Q

What are the properties of carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas, denser than air, and is slightly acidic when dissolved in water.

29
Q

How is carbon monoxide (CO) prepared in the laboratory?

A

Carbon monoxide is prepared by heating formic acid or oxalic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid.

30
Q

What are the effects of carbon monoxide on humans?

A

Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, reducing oxygen transport, and can be lethal at high concentrations.

31
Q

What are the different types of coal?

A

The different types of coal include anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, and lignite.

32
Q

What are the products of the destructive distillation of wood and coal?

A

The destructive distillation of wood produces charcoal, tar, and gas, while coal produces coke, coal tar, and coal gas.

32
Q

What are the uses of coke?

A

A: Coke is used as a fuel and reducing agent in smelting iron ore, and in the production of synthetic gas.

Chemistry (17 decks)

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