Non-metals and their Compounds Flashcards
What are the commercial methods of hydrogen production?
Hydrogen is commercially produced from water gas and by cracking petroleum fractions.
How is hydrogen prepared in the laboratory?
Hydrogen can be prepared in the laboratory by reacting a metal like zinc with dilute hydrochloric acid or by electrolysis of water.
What are the uses of hydrogen?
Hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia, hydrogenation of fats and oils, as a reducing agent, and as a fuel in rockets.
What are the key properties of hydrogen?
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, and highly flammable gas that burns with a pale blue flame, forming water.
What is the test for hydrogen?
Hydrogen gas pops with a ‘squeaky pop’ sound when a lit splint is brought near it.
How is chlorine prepared in the laboratory?
Chlorine can be prepared by reacting hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate.
How is chlorine produced industrially?
Chlorine is produced industrially by the electrolysis of brine (sodium chloride solution).
How is hydrochloric acid prepared?
Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water.
What are the uses of chlorine?
Chlorine is used for water sterilization, bleaching, manufacturing hydrochloric acid, plastics, and insecticides.
What are the properties of chlorine?
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow gas with a pungent odor, and it is highly reactive, especially with metals and organic compounds.
How is oxygen prepared in the laboratory?
Oxygen can be prepared by the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide or potassium chlorate in the presence of a catalyst like manganese dioxide.
What is the test for chlorides?
Chlorides can be tested by adding silver nitrate solution, which forms a white precipitate of silver chloride that is soluble in ammonia.
How is oxygen produced commercially?
Oxygen is produced commercially from liquid air by fractional distillation
What are the different types of oxides?
Oxides can be acidic, basic, amphoteric, or neutral.
What is the significance of ozone in the atmosphere?
Ozone absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun, protecting living organisms on Earth.
What are the allotropes of sulfur?
The allotropes of sulfur include rhombic sulfur and monoclinic sulfur.
How is sulfur dioxide (SO₂) prepared?
Sulfur dioxide is prepared by burning sulfur in air or by the reaction of sulfite salts with acids.
What are the properties of sulfur dioxide?
Sulfur dioxide is a colorless gas with a pungent smell and is a reducing agent.
What are the uses of sulfur dioxide?
Sulfur dioxide is used in the production of sulfuric acid, as a preservative, and as a bleaching agent.
What is the Contact Process?
The Contact Process is the industrial method for producing sulfuric acid by the catalytic oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, followed by absorption in water.
What are the properties of hydrogen sulfide?
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas with a rotten egg smell, and it is a weak acid and a strong reducing agent.
What is the test for sulfates (SO₄²⁻)?
Sulfates can be tested by adding barium chloride solution, which forms a white precipitate of barium sulfate that is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
How is hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) prepared?
Hydrogen sulfide is prepared by the reaction of dilute hydrochloric acid with iron(II) sulfide.
What is the test for sulfides (S²⁻)?
Sulfides can be tested by adding lead acetate solution, which forms a black precipitate of lead sulfide.
How is nitrogen produced industrially?
Nitrogen is produced from liquid air by fractional distillation.
How is nitrogen prepared in the laboratory?
Nitrogen can be prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite.
What is the Haber Process?
The Haber Process is the industrial method for producing ammonia by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen under high pressure and temperature in the presence of an iron catalyst.
What are the properties of ammonia?
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a pungent smell, highly soluble in water, and acts as a weak base.
What is the test for ammonium ions (NH₄⁺)?
Ammonium ions can be tested by adding sodium hydroxide and warming the solution, releasing ammonia gas, which turns damp red litmus paper blue.
How is nitric acid (HNO₃) prepared in the laboratory?
Nitric acid is prepared by reacting ammonia with concentrated sulfuric acid and heating.
What are the properties of nitric acid?
A: Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent, and it reacts with metals, non-metals, and organic compounds.
What is the nitrogen cycle?
The nitrogen cycle is the natural process of nitrogen conversion between its various chemical forms, essential for life on Earth.
What are the allotropes of carbon?
The allotropes of carbon include diamond, graphite, and fullerenes.
How is carbon dioxide (CO₂) prepared in the laboratory?
Carbon dioxide is prepared by reacting a carbonate or bicarbonate with an acid.
What are the properties of carbon dioxide?
Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless gas, denser than air, and is slightly acidic when dissolved in water.
How is carbon monoxide (CO) prepared in the laboratory?
Carbon monoxide is prepared by heating formic acid or oxalic acid with concentrated sulfuric acid.
What are the effects of carbon monoxide on humans?
Carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, reducing oxygen transport, and can be lethal at high concentrations.
What are the different types of coal?
The different types of coal include anthracite, bituminous coal, sub-bituminous coal, and lignite.
What are the products of the destructive distillation of wood and coal?
The destructive distillation of wood produces charcoal, tar, and gas, while coal produces coke, coal tar, and coal gas.
What are the uses of coke?
A: Coke is used as a fuel and reducing agent in smelting iron ore, and in the production of synthetic gas.
