Acids, Bases & Salts Flashcards
Q: What are the general characteristics of acids?
A: Acids have a sour taste, turn blue litmus paper red, and produce H₃O⁺ (hydronium) ions in aqueous solutions. They are proton donors.
What are the general characteristics of bases?
Bases have a bitter taste, slippery feel, turn red litmus paper blue, and produce OH⁻ (hydroxide) ions in aqueous solutions. They are proton acceptors.
What are the general characteristics of salts?
Salts are ionic compounds formed from the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base. They consist of a cation from the base and an anion from the acid.
What is an acid-base indicator?
An acid-base indicator is a substance that changes color depending on the pH of the solution, such as litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.
What is the basicity of an acid?
The basicity of an acid refers to the number of hydrogen ions (H⁺) that can be donated per molecule of the acid. For example, HCl has a basicity of 1, H₂SO₄ has a basicity of 2.
What are normal, acidic, basic, and double salts?
Normal salts are fully neutralized acids, acidic salts contain replaceable hydrogen ions, basic salts contain replaceable hydroxide ions, and double salts contain two different cations or anions, such as alums.
What are examples of naturally occurring organic acids?
Ethanoic acid (vinegar), citric acid (citrus fruits), and tartaric acid (grapes) are examples of naturally occurring organic acids.
How are salts prepared?
Salts can be prepared by neutralization (acid + base), precipitation (mixing two solutions to form an insoluble salt), and the action of acids on metals.
What is the difference between strong and weak acids?
Strong acids fully dissociate in water, producing a high concentration of ions, while weak acids partially dissociate, producing fewer ions.
How does the conductance of molar solutions relate to the strength of acids and bases?
The conductance of a solution increases with the number of ions present; hence, strong acids and bases have higher conductance than weak ones.
What is pH?
pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, calculated as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration: pH = -log[H⁺].
What is pOH?
pOH is a measure of the hydroxide ion concentration in a solution, calculated as the negative logarithm of the hydroxide ion concentration: pOH = -log[OH⁻].
How are pH and pOH related?
pH + pOH = 14 in aqueous solutions at 25°C.
How do you calculate pH from H⁺ concentration?
pH = -log[H⁺], where [H⁺] is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter.
How do you calculate pOH from OH⁻ concentration?
pOH = -log[OH⁻], where [OH⁻] is the concentration of hydroxide ions in moles per liter.
What is an acid-base titration?
Acid-base titration is a method to determine the concentration of an acid or base by neutralizing it with a base or acid of known concentration.
What is the role of an acid-base indicator in titration?
An acid-base indicator is used to signal the end point of the titration by changing color when the pH of the solution changes.
What is a titration curve?
A titration curve is a graph of pH against the volume of titrant added, showing the pH change during a titration and the equivalence point where neutralization occurs.
What is salt hydrolysis?
Salt hydrolysis is the reaction of a salt with water to form an acidic, basic, or neutral solution depending on the nature of the salt.
Give an example of a salt that undergoes acidic hydrolysis.
Ammonium chloride (NH₄Cl) undergoes acidic hydrolysis, producing an acidic solution.
Give an example of a salt that undergoes basic hydrolysis.
Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) undergoes basic hydrolysis, producing a basic solution.
What is the hydrolysis equation for sodium acetate (CH₃COONa)?
CH₃COONa + H₂O → CH₃COOH + NaOH (produces a basic solution).
What is the hydrolysis equation for aluminum chloride (AlCl₃)?
AlCl₃ + 3H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + 3HCl (produces an acidic solution).
