Kinetic theory of matter and Gas Laws Flashcards
What is the kinetic theory of matter?
The kinetic theory of matter states that all matter is composed of particles (atoms or molecules) in constant motion. The energy and movement of these particles determine the state of the matter (solid, liquid, gas).
How does the kinetic theory explain the properties of solids?
In solids, particles are tightly packed and vibrate in fixed positions. This limited movement results in a definite shape and volume for solids.
How does the kinetic theory explain the properties of liquids?
In liquids, particles are close together but can move around each other, allowing liquids to flow and take the shape of their container while retaining a definite volume.
How does the kinetic theory explain the properties of gases?
In gases, particles are far apart and move freely at high speeds. This results in gases having no definite shape or volume and expanding to fill their container.
How does the kinetic theory explain melting?
Melting occurs when heat increases the kinetic energy of particles in a solid, causing them to vibrate more and eventually break free from their fixed positions, transitioning into a liquid state.
How does the kinetic theory explain freezing?
Freezing happens when the kinetic energy of particles decreases, allowing them to form fixed positions in a solid structure, thereby changing the state from liquid to solid.
How does the kinetic theory explain boiling?
Boiling occurs when a liquid’s particles gain enough kinetic energy to form bubbles of gas throughout the liquid, causing it to rapidly transition into a gas at its boiling point.
How does the kinetic theory explain vaporization?
Vaporization happens when heat increases the kinetic energy of liquid particles to the point where they overcome intermolecular forces and transition into a gaseous state.
What is the Combined Gas Law?
The Combined Gas Law combines Boyle’s, Charles’s, and Gay-Lussac’s laws. It states that (P₁V₁)/T₁ = (P₂V₂)/T₂, where P is pressure, V is volume, and T is temperature.
How does the kinetic theory explain condensation?
Condensation occurs when gas particles lose kinetic energy and slow down, allowing them to come together and form a liquid.
What does Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures state?
Dalton’s Law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture. Mathematically, P_total = P₁ + P₂ + P₃ + …
What does Graham’s Law of Effusion state?
Graham’s Law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. Mathematically, Rate₁/Rate₂ = √(M₂/M₁).
What is Brownian movement?
Brownian movement refers to the random, erratic motion of particles suspended in a fluid, resulting from collisions with the fast-moving molecules of the fluid.
What does Charles’s Law state?
Charles’s Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature (in Kelvin), when the pressure is constant. Mathematically, V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂.
What is the Ideal Gas Equation?
The Ideal Gas Equation is PV = nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature (in Kelvin).
