Chemical Bonding

Question 1

What is chemical bonding?

Answer 1

Chemical bonding is the study of the force of attraction that holds atoms or ions together within a molecule or between molecules to form a substance.

Question 2

What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular bonds?

Answer 2

Intramolecular bonds occur within a molecule, while intermolecular bonds occur among different molecules.

Question 2

What type of electrons take part in chemical bonding?

Answer 2

Valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom.

Question 3

What are the four types of chemical bonds?

Answer 3

1) Electrovalent/Ionic bonding 2) Covalent bonding
3) Coordinate covalent/Dative bonding
4) Metallic bonding.

Question 3

What is the main aim of chemical bonding?

Answer 3

The main aim of chemical bonding is to attain a stable noble gas octet or duplet configuration.

Question 3

What is the octet rule?

Answer 3

The octet rule states that an atom will continue to lose, gain, or share electrons until it has eight electrons in its outermost shell.

Question 4

What is the duplet rule and which elements follow it?

Answer 4

The duplet rule states that atoms will aim to have two electrons in their valence shell. Hydrogen and Helium follow the duplet rule.

Question 5

What is electrovalent or ionic bonding?

Answer 5

Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.

Question 6

What are the properties of electrovalent compounds?

Answer 6

Electrovalent compounds are usually crystalline, have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states, and are soluble in polar solvents but insoluble in non-polar solvents.

Question 7

What is covalent bonding?

Answer 7

Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.

Question 8

What is a homonuclear molecule?

Answer 8

A homonuclear molecule is formed between atoms of the same element, resulting in a non-polar covalent bond.

Question 8

What are the properties of covalent compounds?

Answer 8

Covalent compounds usually exist as gases, liquids, or solids, do not conduct electricity or heat, and are non-electrolytes.

Question 9

What is a heteronuclear molecule?

Answer 9

A heteronuclear molecule is formed between atoms of different elements and may result in a polar or non-polar covalent bond depending on the symmetry of the molecule.

Question 10

What is a dative bond?

Answer 10

A dative bond is a type of bond where a lone pair of electrons is donated by one atom to another atom that requires electrons to complete its valence shell.

Question 11

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 11

A polar covalent bond occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to partial positive and negative charges.

Question 12

Give examples of compounds with dative bonding.

Answer 12

Examples include ammonium ion (NH4+), hydronium ion (H3O+), and BF3-NH3 complex.

Question 13

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 13

Metallic bonding is the attraction between the positively charged nuclei of metal atoms and the sea of delocalized valence electrons.

Question 14

What properties of metals are dictated by metallic bonding?

Answer 14

Metallic bonding gives metals their ability to conduct heat and electricity, malleability, ductility, and high melting points.

Question 15

What is the bond angle of a water molecule (H2O)?

Answer 15

The bond angle of a water molecule is 104.5°.

Question 16

What is the shape and bond angle of an ammonia (NH3) molecule?

Answer 16

Ammonia has a trigonal pyramidal shape with a bond angle of 107°.

Question 17

What is the shape and bond angle of a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule?

Answer 17

Carbon dioxide has a linear shape with a bond angle of 180°.

Question 18

What type of bonding is found in NaCl?

Answer 18

NaCl has ionic bonding.

Question 19

True or False: Covalent compounds conduct electricity in the molten state.

Answer 19

False. Covalent compounds generally do not conduct electricity.

Question 20

What is the electronegativity difference required for a bond to be considered ionic?

Answer 20

The electronegativity difference for ionic bonding is equal to or greater than 0.7.

Question 21

What is the electronegativity difference in homonuclear molecules?

Answer 21

The electronegativity difference in homonuclear molecules is zero.

Question 22

Why are there more compounds than elements?

Answer 22

Atoms of most elements are not stable when isolated and thus combine with other atoms to achieve stability, forming more compounds.

Question 23

How many lone pairs of electrons are present on the nitrogen atom in an NH3 molecule after bonding?

Answer 23

There is one lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom in an NH3 molecule.

Question 24

What types of bonding are found in ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)?

Answer 24

Ammonium chloride contains covalent bonds, dative bonds, and ionic bonds.

Question 25

What are the three-dimensional shapes and bond angles of CH4 and CO2 molecules?

Answer 25

CH4 is tetrahedral with a bond angle of 109.5°, and CO2 is linear with a bond angle of 180°.

Question 26

What determines the difference in the melting point of metals?

Answer 26

The difference in the melting point of metals is due to the difference in the number of valence electrons and the strength of the metallic bonds.