Chemical Bonding Flashcards
What is chemical bonding?
Chemical bonding is the study of the force of attraction that holds atoms or ions together within a molecule or between molecules to form a substance.
What is the difference between intramolecular and intermolecular bonds?
Intramolecular bonds occur within a molecule, while intermolecular bonds occur among different molecules.
What type of electrons take part in chemical bonding?
Valence electrons, which are the electrons in the outer shell of an atom.
What are the four types of chemical bonds?
1) Electrovalent/Ionic bonding 2) Covalent bonding
3) Coordinate covalent/Dative bonding
4) Metallic bonding.
What is the main aim of chemical bonding?
The main aim of chemical bonding is to attain a stable noble gas octet or duplet configuration.
What is the octet rule?
The octet rule states that an atom will continue to lose, gain, or share electrons until it has eight electrons in its outermost shell.
What is the duplet rule and which elements follow it?
The duplet rule states that atoms will aim to have two electrons in their valence shell. Hydrogen and Helium follow the duplet rule.
What is electrovalent or ionic bonding?
Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.
What are the properties of electrovalent compounds?
Electrovalent compounds are usually crystalline, have high melting and boiling points, conduct electricity in molten or aqueous states, and are soluble in polar solvents but insoluble in non-polar solvents.
What is covalent bonding?
Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons between two non-metal atoms.
What is a homonuclear molecule?
A homonuclear molecule is formed between atoms of the same element, resulting in a non-polar covalent bond.
What are the properties of covalent compounds?
Covalent compounds usually exist as gases, liquids, or solids, do not conduct electricity or heat, and are non-electrolytes.
What is a heteronuclear molecule?
A heteronuclear molecule is formed between atoms of different elements and may result in a polar or non-polar covalent bond depending on the symmetry of the molecule.
What is a dative bond?
A dative bond is a type of bond where a lone pair of electrons is donated by one atom to another atom that requires electrons to complete its valence shell.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A polar covalent bond occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms, leading to partial positive and negative charges.
Give examples of compounds with dative bonding.
Examples include ammonium ion (NH4+), hydronium ion (H3O+), and BF3-NH3 complex.
What is metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding is the attraction between the positively charged nuclei of metal atoms and the sea of delocalized valence electrons.
What properties of metals are dictated by metallic bonding?
Metallic bonding gives metals their ability to conduct heat and electricity, malleability, ductility, and high melting points.
What is the bond angle of a water molecule (H2O)?
The bond angle of a water molecule is 104.5°.
What is the shape and bond angle of an ammonia (NH3) molecule?
Ammonia has a trigonal pyramidal shape with a bond angle of 107°.
What is the shape and bond angle of a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule?
Carbon dioxide has a linear shape with a bond angle of 180°.
What type of bonding is found in NaCl?
NaCl has ionic bonding.
True or False: Covalent compounds conduct electricity in the molten state.
False. Covalent compounds generally do not conduct electricity.
What is the electronegativity difference required for a bond to be considered ionic?
The electronegativity difference for ionic bonding is equal to or greater than 0.7.
