Non-medelian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Ways traits DON’T follow the ratios predicted by Mendel’s laws

A
  1. Varying degrees of dominance
  2. Many traits are produced through multiple genes acting together
  3. Some traits are determined by sex chromosomes
  4. Some genes close to each other on the same chromosome
  5. Some traits are the result of non-nuclear inheritance (chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA)
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2
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is fully dominant
-F1 generation has a phenotype that is a mix of those of the parental generation

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3
Q

Codominance

A

Two alleles for a trait are both expressed
-Ex. Human blood: AB blood, A & B both expressed

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4
Q

Multiple Alleles:

A

Genes that exist in forms with more than two alleles
Ex. Human blood group, height

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5
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

Sex-linked genes: A gene located on either the X or Y chromosome
-Y and X- linked genes: Genes found on either chromosome

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6
Q

Inheritance of X-linked genes

A

-Father can pass X-linked alleles to all of their daughters but none of their sons
-Mothers can pass X-linked alleles to both daughters and sons

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7
Q

If an X-linked trait is due to a recessive allele:

A

-Females only express the trait if they are homozygous
-Because males only have one X chromosome, they will only express the trait if they inherit it from their mother
*hemizygous
*more likely to get x-linked disorders

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8
Q

X-inactivation

A

-During development one of the X chromosomes in each cell becomes inactive
-Inactive X in each cell of a female condenses into a Barr body which helps to regulate gene dosage

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9
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Production of offspring with a new combination of genes from parents

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10
Q

Parental Types:

A

Offspring with the parental phenotype

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11
Q

Recombinants:

A

Offspring with phenotypes that are different from the parents

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12
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes located near each other on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together

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13
Q

Meiosis and random fertilization generate genetic variation in offspring due to

A

-Crossing over
-Independent assortment of chromosomes
-Any sperm can fertilize any egg

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14
Q

Linked genes show parental phenotypes in offspring at higher than…

A

50%

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15
Q

The further apart two genes are on the same chromosome…

A

The higher the probability that a crossing over event will occur between them and the higher the recombination frequency.

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16
Q

Linkage map

A

Genetic map based on recombination frequencies

17
Q

What are map units?

A

The distance between genes

18
Q

Non-nuclear DNA

A

some traits are located in the mitochondria or chloroplasts, both are randomly assorted to gametes and daughter cells

19
Q

Chi-squared

A

Statistical analysis used to compare the actual with expected results

20
Q

Chi-square equation

A

Observed-expected 2(squared divided by) /expected results

21
Q

Critical value (chi-squared) < X2

A

reject the null hypothesis

22
Q

Critical value > X2

A

Fail to reject null hypothesis