Mutations

Question 1

Mutations

Answer 1

Changes in the genetic material of a cell which can alter phenotypes

Question 2

Large scale mutations

Answer 2

Chromosomal changes

Question 3

Small scale mutations

Answer 3

Nucleotide substitutions, insertions or deletions

Question 4

Point mutations

Answer 4

Change a single nucleotide pair of a gene
-Substitution, silent, missense, nonsense

Question 5

Substitution

Answer 5

Replacement of one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

Question 6

Silent

Answer 6

Change still codes for the same amino acid

Question 7

Missense

Answer 7

Change results in a different amino acid

Question 8

Nonsense

Answer 8

Change results in a stop codon

Question 9

Frameshift mutation

Answer 9

When the reading frame of the genetic information is altered
-Insertion and deletion of nucleotides, disastrous effects to resulting proteins

Question 10

Large scale mutations

Answer 10

Nondisjunction, translocation, inversions, duplications, deletions

Question 11

Nondisjunction

Answer 11

When chromosomes don’t separate properly in meiosis, results in incorrect number of chromosomes

Question 12

Translocation

Answer 12

A segment of one chromosome moves to another

Question 13

Inversions

Answer 13

A segment is reversed

Question 14

Duplications

Answer 14

A segment is repeated

Question 15

Deletions

Answer 15

A segment is lost

Question 16

Natural selection and mutations

Answer 16

Anytime mutations occur they are subject to natural selection, genetic changes sometimes enhance the survival and reproduction of an organism

Question 17

Prokaryotes can exchange genetic material through

Answer 17

Horizontal gene transfer

Question 18

Transformation

Answer 18

Uptaking of DNA from a nearby cell

Question 19

Conjunction

Answer 19

Cell to cell transfer of DNA

Question 20

Transposition

Answer 20

Movement of DNA segments within and between DNA molecules

Question 21

Biotechnology

Answer 21

Both DNA and RNA can be manipulated through genetic engineering

Question 22

Gel electrophoresis defintion

Answer 22

Technique used to separate DNA fragments by size

Question 23

Gel electrophoresis steps

Answer 23

1. DNA loaded into wells at one end of a gel and an electric current is applied
2. DNA fragments are negatively charged so they move toward the positive electrode

Question 24

PCR, polymerase chain reaction

Answer 24

Method used in molecular biology to make several copies of a specific DNA segment
-Segments of DNA are amplified
-Results can be analyzed using gel electrophoresis

Question 25

DNA sequencing

Answer 25

Process of determining the order of nucleotides in DNA