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MCAT > Nextstep Diagnostic Bio and Biochem > Flashcards

Nextstep Diagnostic Bio and Biochem Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Lipid soluble molecules pass through ____ on their way to the Vena cava.

A

Lipid soluble molecues such as Vitamin E pass thorugh the lacteals of the intestines on their way to the vena cava.

Water soluble pass through the liver.

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2
Q

what are granulocytic cells?

A

Granulocytic cells are white blood cells that have small granules or particles. These include Mast cells, Basophils, Neutrophils.

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3
Q

B cells and T cells are ____?

A

Lymphocytes.

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4
Q

Salivary amylase aids in the digestion of ___?

A

Polysacharides, such as starches. Monosacharides are not broken down until glycolysis or other metabolic pathways.

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5
Q

What intermolecular factors influence acidity?

A

Polarity, resonance structures, and atomic radius.

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6
Q

How do you find the number of stereoisomers?

A

To find the number of stereoisomers raise 2 to the number of chiral centers. i.e: 2^2=4

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7
Q

What kind of current travels through distilled water?

A

No current is Water is a pure conductor. Water requires ions dissolved in it to carry current. As charged ions move in the water along their voltage gradient, they carry current.

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8
Q

Continuity equation and an example?

r1=5 and V1=3.6 r2=10

A

Continuity equation is A1xV1=A2xV2. If the radius is reduced by half the velocity is reduced by one fourth. Do the math to prove it.

V2=.9

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9
Q

Intracelullar pathogens are dealt with by?

A

cytotoxic T cells

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10
Q

The dorsal side of the spinal cord___ whereas the ventral side _____?

A

Receives where as the ventral sends.

SAME DAVE

Sensory afferent, Motor efferent, Dorsal afferen, Ventral efferent

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11
Q

The closer the genes are it means that?

A

The more likely they are to be inherited together, or lower the chance of recombination

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12
Q

The frequency of a wave traveling through a medium does what?

A

Increases when the tension increases, and decreases when the mass or thickness increase.

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13
Q

Sound waves travel faster or slower in water versus air?

A

Sound waves travel faster in water

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14
Q

When the source of a sound wave is moving towards the receiver the frequency and wavelenght seem?

A

Shorter wavelength and higher frequency.

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15
Q

What are the lipid soluble vitamins?

A

A,D, E an K

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16
Q

The weight of a mole of galactose is about?

A

180

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17
Q

G coupled receptors (GPCR) pass through the membrane how many times?

A

Seven. GPCR have seven transmembrane domains.

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18
Q

When using reverse transcriptace what should match?

A

When using reverse transcriptase the 5 prime end of the RNA template matches with the 5 prime of the amplified sequence

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19
Q

Restriction sites are where?

A

Sequences of DNA where restriction enzymes cut. This results in additonal bands showing on a southern blot.

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20
Q

When you breakdown Fat (triglycerides) what are the components that result?

A

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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21
Q

What is the reason cells produce lactate during intense exercise?

A

To regenerate important molecules that help dribe the production of ATP such as NAD+

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22
Q

Insulin is what type of hormone?

A

Insulin is a peptide hormone.

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23
Q

If a compound is a competitive inhibitor of an amino acid how most it be?

A

This compound should bind tightly to the substrate, making it similar to the orginal amino acid

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24
Q

Cytopasmic Cytochrome C is a marker for?

A

Apoptosis

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25
Q

Protein denaturation leaves which structure intact?

A

Primary.

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26
Q

If the recessive genotype is not viable the result is?

A

The result will be like the heterozygous.

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27
Q

Stabilizing selection refers to?

A

When natural selection selects the intermediate states of continuous variation.

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28
Q

Disruptive selection refers to?

A

When natural selection favors the extremes on a continuous variation.

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29
Q

What is the Hardy-Winberg Equation and what it is used for?

How many heterozygous if you have 4 recessive out of 100?

A

p^2+2pq+q^2= 1

To find the heterozygous, homozygous genotypes .

32

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30
Q

Edward’s syndrome is?

A

Trisomy 18

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31
Q

Three disorders due to nondisjunction of the sex chromosomes?

A

Turner’s , Klinefelter, and Poly-Y syndrome

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32
Q

What cartilage covers the bones at the point of contact?

A

Hyaline cartilage.

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33
Q

What muscle type is always uninucleated?

A

Smooth muscle

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34
Q

What component of the cell maintains fluidity?

A

Cholesterol prevents the cell from forming a tight crystaline by disrupting the phospholipids.

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35
Q

Myogenic acitivity refers to?

A

Activity resulting from the muscle and not from nerve impulses. Cardiac and smooth muscle show myogenic activity.

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36
Q

Yellow bone marrow function is?

A

Yellow bone marrow is yellow due to its high levels of fat. Serving as a site of storage.

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37
Q

As food passes from the esophagus to the stomach it passes through the?

A

Cardiac Sphincter.

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38
Q

Bile that is stored in the liver is made on the?

A

Liver.

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39
Q

Active immunity happens when?

A

When antibodies are created in response to an antigen.

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40
Q

Artificial active immunity refers to?

A

Active refers o an antibodies developed from an antigen and artificial refers to the vaccine instead of the actual antigen.

41
Q

Natural passive refers to?

A

Mother to child through placenta or milk.

42
Q

Pepsin works in a pH of _____. Whereas aminopepsinogen works on a___

A

Pepsin works in the stomach, a very acidic environment. Aminopeptidases are a class of enzymes that work throughout the body, but the digestive aminopeptidase enzyme works in the duodenum, where the environment is slightly basic.

43
Q

Cohort and case studies are a form of ____

A

Longitudinal studies

44
Q

James-Lange theory says that?

A

The physiological response to an external event drives the experience of the emotion. A person’s heart rate increases and then they feel frightened.

45
Q

How do you find the number of stereoisomers in a molecule?

A

You cound the number of chiral centers and raise 2 to that number.

46
Q

What controls the timing of genes transcription?

A

Sen if the genes specific regulatory elements, even if the genes are not close to one another, this regulatory elements control the timing.

47
Q

The differentiation of cells during development is extremely sensitive to?

A

The timing of mRNA turnover.

48
Q

A Lewis acid ____ where as a Bronsted acid ______

A

Accepts electrons where as a bronsted acid donates protons

49
Q

The liver makes produces vile that helps on the proccessing of ___ by____

A

fats by the small intestine

50
Q

An important function of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway is the generation of ___ for _____

A

NADPH for the synthesis of fatty acids

51
Q

___ this hormone triggers ovulation

A

Lutenizing hormone

52
Q

What is the formula used to find the possible number of aminoacids combinations posssible?

3 aminoacids?

A

n factorial

321 = 6

53
Q

Where is lactose broken down at?

A

Small intestine

54
Q

Just prior vulation, what kind of hormone level peaks?

A

LH. This peak is known as the LH surge triggers ovulation.

55
Q

At what time are estrogen levels lowest for a women?

A

Estrogen and progesteron help to build the uterine lining. During menstruation this two hormones are at their lowest.

56
Q

What is the average weight of an Amino acid?

A

110Da. a 288 amoni acid therefore should weight about 32ka

57
Q

Which of the following most closely resembles the structure of bacterial DNA?

A

Circular loops of dsDNA

58
Q

What path does sperm take from production to ejaculation?

A

Seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → ejaculatory duct → urethra → penis

59
Q

Compound X binds to alcohol dehydrogenase at a different site than the enzyme’s target substrate, only after the enzyme and substrate have been bound. What type of inhibition is this?

A

Uncompetitive inhibition

Since this inhibitor binds only after the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex, it is uncompetitive. If it bound before the enzyme and substrate attached to each other, then it would represent noncompetitive inhibition.

60
Q

Angiotensin II can do what?

A

increase aldosterone.
Increased potassium reabsorption

Angiotensin II also increases aldosterone levels, and aldosterone excretes potassium. Lower aldosterone levels due to ACE inhibitors would then raise potassium levels.

61
Q

Aldosterone does what?

A

Increase sodium absorption and potassium excretion.

62
Q

During denaturation which protein structures become affected?

A

Tertiary and quaternary and primary and secondary remain unaffected.

63
Q

What is the formula for identifying pressure of a fluid?

A

P= pgh+ atmospheric pressure

p is the density of the liquid. g gravity. h depth or height.

64
Q

The rate of a reaction increases with temperature regardless if it is___

A

Endothermic or exothermic

65
Q

What is the dissasociation constant of a weak acid?

A

much less than one, but not zero.

66
Q

The reducing agent does what? And becomes what?

A

Donates electrons and becomes oxidized. For example turns from 0 to +1

67
Q

A reducing agent is used during SDS-PAGE to _____?

A

Cleave disulfide bonds. disulfide bonds results on more than one band when the reducing agent is utilized.

68
Q

Phosphodiester bonds link what?

A

Adjacent nucleotides in DNA.

69
Q

Uncompetitive inhibitors do not alter the?

A

slope of the lineweaver-burk plot which is equal to Km/ Vmax

70
Q

What differes between cells that activated genes?

A

Nuclear factors. They provide temporal and spatial regulation

71
Q

What is the average weight of an amino acid? How many how amino acids are in a 50kDa protein?

A

110Da. 455 amino acids

72
Q

SDS-PAGE separates proteins based on??

A

Mass.

73
Q

Affinity chromatography separates proteins based on?

A

Their interactions with specific ligands.

74
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the final step of both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis?

A

Glucose 6-phosphatase

75
Q

Starting materials of gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate, oxaloacetate, alpha-ketoglutarate

76
Q

dissipation of the electrochemical gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane will cause what?

A

Decreased level of protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

77
Q

electrical force depends on?

A

The particle’s charge and the strength of the electrical field experienced by the particle.

78
Q

In the case of parallel plates, capacitance depends on?

A

The plates area and the distance between the plates.

79
Q

When in series capacitors are added they are added in what fashion?

A

1/C1+ 1/C2

80
Q

The bond that joins monosacharides together in an oligosaccharide is a special type of acetal linkage known as?

A

Glycoside bond.

81
Q

Traditional michaelis-menten describes a _____ dependence of V0 on substrate concentration.

A

Hyperbolic

82
Q

The use of histine tagging and nickel column is a form of _____

A

Affinity chromatography.

83
Q

The stimulus registered by sensory receptors such as a pattern of light falling on the retina is know as?

A

Proximal stimulus.

84
Q

Distal stimulus?

A

?

85
Q

Incentive stimulus?

A

?

86
Q

Sensory stimulus?

A

?

87
Q

The more the charged the protein is the higher concetration of ___ is required

A

NaCl

88
Q

Anion-exchange columns bind?

A

anionic proteins

89
Q

How to use snell law?

A

Sin(incoming ray)/Sin(refraction)

90
Q

Km by the definition is?

A

The substrate concentration necessary to reach 1/2Vmax

91
Q

Pyruvate kinase?

A

?

92
Q

An order mechanism is one on which?

A

Is one where the components bind in an order instead of random.

93
Q

If two molecules such as ATP and glycerol occupy the catalytic cleft of an enzyme they make a ____

A

Complex, specifically a terniary complex.

94
Q

Which amino acids make covalent bonds?

A

Cysteines

95
Q

Unfolding of proteins is a cooperative process. Cooperative processes are shown through ____ curves

A

sigmoidal.

96
Q

Hyperbolic curves result from what kind

A

?

97
Q

A magnetic force acts on a moving charge on a direction that is?

A

Perpendicular to both the velocity of the charge and the direction of the magnetic field.

98
Q

transmembrane domain is a….?

A

nonpolar region

MCAT (27 decks)

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