KAPLAN 1 Chem/Phys

Question 1

Beta particles vs Gamma Particles in a magnetic field

Answer 1

Beta particles have a negative charge due to electrons. Gamma rays are only high energy photons without a charge. In a magnetic field Beta particles will be reflected while gamma rays will not.

Question 2

Positively charged molecules moves towards? What about negatively charged ones?

Answer 2

Positively charged molecules moves towards the CATHODE. Negatively charged molecules moves towards the ANODE.

Question 4

How do blood flow rate (BFR) and blood pressure (BP) differ in pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 4

The right ventricle produces less force than the left, so pulmonary pressure is lower. Blood flow rate is the same in both pulmonary and systemic circulation due to the fact that they are connected in series.

Question 5

Stable conjugate base means?

Answer 5

A stable conjugate base means a less reactive base, which also means a weaker base.

It also can mean which is the strongest acid (which is paired with that stable conjugate base).

Question 6

Mutarotation

Answer 6

Mutarotation is the change in the optical rotation because of the change in the equilibrium between two anomers, when the corresponding stereocenters interconvert. Cyclic sugars show mutarotation as α and β anomeric forms interconvert. From open aldehyde to closed carbohydrate.

Question 7

How do you calculate electrostatic force?

Answer 7

Using Coulomb’s law

Question 8

Compared to the intensity of sound waves at the tympanic membrane, the intensity felt by fluid that induces depolarization of the stereovilli is?

Answer 8

Magnified by the decreased area. Intensity is inversely related to area. As the area becomes smaller, intensity gets stronger.

Question 9

How long is the third-longest resonant standing wave formed inside the auditory canal?

Answer 9

When the pipe is closed at one end, like in the external ear canal, you is the quarter wave resonator. The allowable frequencies are f, 3f, and 5f. F=c/Lamda = Lamda= 4L/5 .8L or 80%

Question 10

In photosynthesis what is oxidized?

Answer 10

Chloroplasts utilize photons of certain energy from to split water into hydrogen and oxygen, abstracting electrons from the hydrogen atoms to produce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Question 11

Formula for calculating the change in enthalphy?

Answer 11

H= Hf(PRODUCTS)-Hf(REACTANTS) remember to distribute the negative sign to the reactants side.

Question 12

If a machine is calibrated and the scale registers each weight as three kg greater than it actually is?

Answer 12

The efficiency or load will be skewed for the smallest weights.

Question 13

In electrochemical cells, salt bridges are used for?

Answer 13

To prevent the charge build up in galvanic cells.

Salt bridges are a necessary component of salt bridges. They release anions and cations into separate half cells to counter act the build up of charge created by the current flow.

*Electrolytic cells do not require a salt bridge; current is maintained by the battery.

Question 14

Sucrose does NOT produce a positive test when treated with Benedict’s solution because?

Answer 14

Benedict is a common reagent utilized to test for reducing sugars. In other words, those sugars that contain hemiacetals or hemiketal groups. Only sugars with these groups can undergo oxidation and produce a positive result with the benedicts tests.

Question 15

Which are the reducing sugars? Non-reducing?

Answer 15

All monosaccharides are reducing sugars (have a hemiacetals or hemiketals that can be

Question 16

Specific rotation and observed rotation. Which of these properties will change? What is the formula for calculating them?

Answer 16

Specific rotation is a constant, it does NOT change. Observed rotation changes depending on the concentration or length of tube for example.

Observed rotation (degrees)/ concentration (g/mL) • Path lenght (decimeters) = specific rotation (constant for compounds).

Question 17

How would doubling the concentration affect the ibserved concentration? Tube lenght?

Answer 17

Doubled the observed rotation in both cases given that the light rotates more as it travels through more molecules or a longer distance.

Question 18

In order to form a furanose rather than a pyranose what has to be the case?

Answer 18

In order to form a five member ring (furanose) rather six member ring (pyranose) the number of the hydroxyl group, that ends up attacking the carbonyl carbon in the hemiketal to form the ring, has to be one carbon closer to the carbonyl carbon than on the pyranose.

Question 19

Benedict test was performed in sucrose and maltose, which one will yield a positive result and why?

Answer 19

The maltose will because the maltose will be oxidized and the maltose will reduce the benedict reagent. This will happen because the maltose has hemiketals and hemiacetal groups.

Question 20

Alpha and beta on position in sugars refers to what?

Answer 20

If the hydroxyl group is cix to the last carbon in the equatorial position is beta

Question 21

Glucose as six carbon ring will be revered as?

Fructose as a five carbon ring will refered as?

Answer 21

• glucose: Glucopyranosyl or glucopyranoside

Fructose: fructopyranosyl or glucopyranoside

Question 22

In the Fehling’s reaction is linear or heamiacetal glucose replaced?

Answer 22

In the Fehling’s reaction the reducing sugar glucose becomes oxidized and reduces the Fehling’s reagent. The linear form is the only one that undergoes oxidation, so the linear is replaced.

Question 23

Titanium is an inert metal. Where in the periodic table would you look for other similarly behaving metals?

Answer 23

Elements on the same group (same column) behave similarly. Zr will be a good option.

Question 24

What can you say about effective nuclear charge effect on electrons.

Answer 24

As the number of protons increases the effective nuclear charge increases. The electrons that IN BETWEEN the electron (s) in question and the nucleous does affect the Zeff= number of protons - the number of electrons between the electrons of interest and the proton (this number can be the valence electrons minus the other electrons).

If they as only if the electrons on 1s orbital the force proton number is the only relevant pice of information, and they increase from left to right, and down.

Question 25

What can affect Ksp (solubility)?

Answer 25

Temperature

Question 26

During a change in phase what happens to the temperature, entropy, and density?

Answer 26

During a change in phase temperature remains constant. Entropy can increase as in the case of liquid to gas or decrease from liquid to solid. Density is define as mass/volume changes between phases dramatically as well.

Question 27

Acid anhydrides soluble or insoluble?

Answer 27

They are not soluble in water.

Question 28

What is the action of Chymotrypsin?

Answer 28

It preferentially cleaves peptide bonds next to large hydrophobic amino acids. Aromatic amino acids are large hydrophobic groups, and the peptide bonds next to these aa will be preferentially cleaved by chymotrypsin.

Question 29

If the purpose is to decrease the pH of the blood what strategy should be used when it comes to inhalation or exhalation of CO2?

Increase pH?

Answer 29

An increase in the CO2 concentration will allow it to react to produce more H+ and decrease the pH.

Question 30

If a scientist wishes to the effects of various diluted on osmotic pressure, which solute would be best and why?

NaCl
CaCl2
Glucose

Answer 30

Osmotic pressure as a collocation property, is dependent on the number of particles present. The compound that will affect the osmotic pressure the most is the one that will disassociate into the largest number of particles.

Table salt will disassociate into two molecules, glucose into non given that it is covalently bonded, and CaCl2 will disassociate into three. Therefore, CaCl2 will increase the osmotic pressure the most.

Question 31

When phosphoric acid is treated with a strong base, which compound is predominantly present at the third equivalent point?

Answer 31

Given that phosphoric acid has three hydrogen it would require three equivalent of base to neutralize the acid completely. On the third equivalence point the predominant compound will be phosphate.

Question 32

Some characteristics and a difference between triglycerides and phospholipids?

Answer 32

Triglycerides (or triglycerols) area

Question 33

Partial hydrolysis of a heptapeptide yields the fragments Val-Gly-Pro, Pro-Ala-Gly, Ala-Val, and Gly-Gly. What is the primary sequence.

Answer 33

The trick is to overlap the repeating amino acids to make the chain. Doing this will give you Ala-Val-Gly-Pro-Ala-Gly-Gly