Next Step 2 Psych Flashcards
Piaget’s stages of development
Pre-operational
Children between the age of 2-7 are in the pre-operational stage. At this level children learn to operate symbolically and engage in a lot of symbolic play (a stick is sword, a plastic toy is cake, a doll is a person, etc)
Piaget’s stages of development
Operational stage- after the age of 7
Children acquire the ability to mentally manipulate information
Piaget’s stages of development
Preoperational stage
Children operate egocentrically and are unlikely to understand the perspective of another child.
Egocentrism, pretend play, language development
Piaget’s stages of development
Operational stage 7-11
Deductive logic is the hallmark of the operational age and is reached after 7
Conservation and mathematical transformations are developmental phenomena
Piaget’s stages of development sensorimotor
Birth to nearly two
Experiencing the world through their senses
Object permanence, stranger anxiety
Piaget’s stages of development
Formal operational
About 12 to adulthood
Abstract reasoning
Abstract logic, potential for mature moral reasoning
Reliability and validity
Reliability means consistency and validity means accuracy
Tests maybe reliable but not valid
When it comes to social stratification what does the functionalist, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theory say?
Functionalist theory: social stratification is necessary and results from the need for those to with special intelligence, knowledge, and skills to be part of the most important professions and occupations
asserts that certain aspects of culture are necessary and need-based.
Symbolic interactionism: social stratification affects what people think about themselves and others and influence their daily life, lifestyle choices, and interactions with others
Conflict theory: Social stratification is unnecessary and results from both lack of opportunity and discrimination against the poor and the people of color.
Freud’s super ego refers to?
An aspect of the unconscious that emphasizes moral behavior.
Festinger advanced the theory of?
Theory of cognitive dissonance that incongruence between beliefs and behaviors guide behavior changes.
Cultural relativism in health behaviors means?
That a person’s beliefs and health behaviors should be understood in the context of their own culture.
What type of cultural norm is most directly involved in health behaviors?
MORES. Standards of behaviors that have consequences if violated and are necessary for the well-being of everyone. If the person does not seek help, they maybe shunned by family members or friends.
Folkways are norms that govern everyday behaviors like holding a door open.
Kinship of affinity refers to?
When individuals are related by choice, such as marriage, rather than through blood, such as the other choices.
Anomie refers to?
Anomie refers to society feeling fragmented and lacking cohesiveness.
Rapid changes in society, low levels of income, and high heterogeneity are associated with anomie.
Negative bias refers to?
Availability heuristic?
When the negative aspects of a situation are focused upon.
When people make judgements overly based on information that is immediately available to them.
When playing a well-known piece what area of the brain is mostly used?
The cerebellum, which is involved in muscle memory and coordination. A well known piece will be played from muscle memory primarily.
In operant conditioning thinning refers to?
Thinning in operant conditioning refers to reducing the frequency of rewards for a given action.
Some findings from Harlow’s experiment were?
In Harlow’s experiment, the infant monkeys preferred spending their time clinging to the cloth mother. Even when only the wire mother could provide food, the monkeys visited her just to eat. Harlow concluded that there was much more to the mother/infant relationship than milk and that this “contact comfort” was crucial to the psychological development and health of infants. After monkeys were paired with a Wire Mother, they showed abnormal behavior, which could not be corrected later in life by pairing them with a Cloth Mother.
In respect to peer relationships and self-esteem, late physical maturation in pubescents has been found to have which of the following effects?
Females tend to benefit from maturing later, due in part to feeling less self-conscious about body image. In contrast, males tend to feel more self-conscious if they develop later.
According to Erickson’s stages the generativity vs. stagnation refers to?
Refers to a basic conflict that occurs during middle adulthood (40-65), when individuals are trying to balance employment and being parents.
According to Erickson’s stages the intimacy vs. Isolation stage refers to?
Intimacy vs. isolation occurs during young adulthood (19-40), when individuals need to form intimate relationships with other people.
According to Erickson’s stages the ego vs. despair individuals?
During the ego vs. integrity stage there is a basic conflict that emerges when an individual reaches maturity (65 and older) and is reflecting on his or her life.
According to Erickson’s stages on the identity vs. role confusion individuals?
Occurs during adolescence (12 to 18 years), when teens are trying to develop social relationships with other and find a sense of self or personal identity.
