Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Media Studies- AS/A Level > NEWSPAPER Industries > Flashcards

NEWSPAPER Industries Flashcards

1
Q

Statutory Regulation

A

A regulation system that is implemented by law.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Self-Regulation

A

An independent regulatory body set up by a sector to regulate itself.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does ‘free press’ mean?

A

Implies newspaper journalists and editors can edit content free of intervention from Government influence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Is there press freedom everywhere?

A

Over a 3rd of a world’s population live in countries with no press freedom.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens to journalists in places where there is no press freedom?

A

Oft imprisoned if they disagree w/Govt, social media channels not allowed to operate, non-democratic countries oft control access to info + employ state-run news orgs to promote propaganda critical to maintain existing political power base.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Summary of power of the press

A
  • Press has a powerful voice in agenda setting
  • Broadcast Media needs to be unbiased (TV Radio)
  • Papers don’t have same constraints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Agenda-Setting

A

Describes “ability (of the news media) to influence importance placed on topics of public agenda

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Have the newspapers always been acting in the public interest?

A

Papers argue activities are ‘acting in the public interest’, but matters came to a head following illegal ‘phone hacking’ scandal conducted by News International 2005-11 (now News UK), owners of ‘The Times’ + ‘The Sun’.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happened in the Leveson Inquiry?

A

Major inquiry into press standards launched by Lord Leveson after News of the World illegal phone hacking scandal- some journalists imprisoned. Final straw- phone hacking used to obtain child abduction + murder stories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What was News of the Worldl?

A

Previously best-selling newspaper. Rupert Murdoch announced the closure of the News of the World when it printed its final edition 2011.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happened to certain publications other than News of the World after the Leveson Inquiry?

A

2015 Trinity Mirror (now Reach) paid compensation to a number of public figures following stories in the Daily Mirror / Sunday Mirror

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What press regulation was implemented after the Leveson Inquiry?

A

New body (IPSO) Independent Standards Organisation 2014- Codes of Practice for Editors. Replaced PCC - Press Complaints Commission (found not independent from press owners) Press regulation-still unresolved issues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

According to the Media Reform Coalition, what is the impact of ownership on agenda setting?

A

Concentration of ownership ‘creates conditions in which wealthy individuals and organisations can amass huge political and economic power and distort the media landscape to suit their interests and political views’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the Media Reform Coalition?

A

Est. Sept 2011 Coordinates most effective contribution by civil society groups, academics + media campaigners to media regulation, ownership and democracy debates, in context of phone hacking crisis and proposed comms laws.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the Media Reform Coalition try to do?

A

Work w/partner groups + supporting individuals to produce research + organise campaigning activities aimed at creating media system that operates in public interest.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What three things is the Media Reform Coalition committed to?

A
  • Supporting media pluralism
  • Defending ethical journalism
  • Protecting investigative and local journalism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is internal pluralism in media?

A

Defines state of having plurality of voices, opinions and analyses on media the system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is external pluralism in media?

A

Coexistence of different and diverse types of medias and media support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the Media Reform Coalition believe about mainstream media?

A
  • Mainstream media aren’t working for us. Too many are owned by billionaire moguls + uncomfortably close to govt + commercial interests.
  • Don’t represent diverse range of people, views, completely unaccountable to audiences they’re supposed to serve.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What type of media does the Media Reform Coalition believe is the best?

A

A flourishing, diverse and accountable media is essential for a healthy, functioning democracy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How much have sales of national newspapers fallen since 2015?

A

By almost 1/4 though their reach has been hugely extended thanks to digital consumption.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who dominates the national newspaper market?

A
  • News UK and DMG Media- account for 60+% of print sales
  • Total Brand Reach (TBR) figures show that across the UK’s national newsbrands, 5 publishers account for 80% of aggregated online and offline reach.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who accounts for the most revenue in the UK’s national newspaper market?

A

Almost 50% of the combined revenue of the UK’s national newsbrands (print and digital) is generated by two publishers: DMG Media Ltd and News Corp UK and
Ireland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who dominates the UK’s local newspaper market?

A
  • Since 2015 thix has become even more concentrated,
    w/5 publishers (down from 6 in 2015) accounting for 80% of titles.
  • Remaining 20% spread across 57 smaller publishers.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How popular are digital news sites?

A

Reach of new UK digital news sites ranges from ~100k to 1M average monthly UK visits, a fraction of the
online traffic enjoyed by legacy national and local news outlets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which UK news sites are most popular?

A

Most popular UK news sites by reach also reflect dominance of trad broadcast and print outlets, from the BBC (74% of the digital audience) to the Metro (33%). No digital-first news sites feature in the top ten.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How do platforms and intermediaries factor into the dominance of top news companies?

A

UK media markets can’t be considered in isolation from platforms and intermediaries that increasingly determine how audiences access and consume media content:

28
Q

Which are the main platforms/intermediaries that determine how audiences access and consume media content?

A
  • Apple (revenue: £203bn)
  • Amazon (£178bn)
  • Alphabet/Google
    (£99bn) dwarf the UK’s largest media organisations.
29
Q

What companies play a growing role in UK news consumption?

A

Small number of US-based companies that dominate social media (Facebook/ Instagram, Twitter, SnapChat). These largely perpetuate dominance of large legacy news organisations BBC/other broadcasters along w/ national paper sites.

30
Q

Are terrestrial PSBs like the BBC the largest broadcasters?

A

Commercial broadcasters eg BT, Sky and Viacom International (owners of Channel 5) are by revenue- if not by audience share- far larger than these.

31
Q

How has Video on Demand affected TV consumption in the UK?

A

Growth of Video on Demand providers in UK TV consumption brings US companies like Netflix (rev:£12.1b; BBC rev: £5.06bn) + multimarket giants Apple, Amazon + Alphabet into direct competition w/UK providers.

32
Q

Who accounts for the largest share of radio listening and revenue/investment?

A
  • BBC attracts the largest share of radio listening at 51.7% - Accounts for 57% of radio revenue/investment
33
Q

Who dominates commercial radio?

A

Dominated by 2 companies: Bauer and Global, which account for 46% of analogue + 66% of UK digital commercial stations.

34
Q

Who dominates podcasting?

A

BBC is again the single most-used platform for UK audiences- 36% of UK podcast listeners- but Alphabet (YouTube: 26%; Google Play: 7%) + Apple (iTunes: 26%) are its biggest rivals.

35
Q

What does the IPSO do?

A

Investigate complaints about breaches of the Editor’s Code of Practice.

36
Q

Who launched the Leveson Inquiry?

A

PM David Cameron to investigate press after journalists at the The News of the World were accused of illegally accessing voicemail on other’s phones, w/o their knowledge or consent. Also accused of bribing police.

37
Q

What did Lord Justice Leveson recommend due to the evidence presented at the inquiry in terms of how the press should be regulated?

A
  • Papers should continue to be self-regulated + govt should have no power over what newspapers publish.
  • New press standards organisation, w/new code of conduct to be created by the press industry. Legislation should be provided to ensure this’d be independent + effective in dealing w/public complaints.
38
Q

What are the basic news values?

A

T- iming- recent, running stories, diary items, etc
I- mportant People
S- urprise and Significance
C- loseness to home
H- uman interest- emotional impact, entertainment value, sex/drama/animals, humour/witty headlines, etc

39
Q

What is the pneumonic for the more advanced news values?

A

PUMP NESS RC

40
Q

What does the ‘P’ in PUMP NESS RC stand for?

A

Predictability- something that is likely to be eventful eg an anti-war demonstration, even if it passes peacefully.
Personality- celeb stories or ones about heroic member of public has a human interest angle

41
Q
  1. What does the ‘U’ in PUMP NESS RC stand for?
  2. What does the ‘M’ stand for?
  3. What does the ‘N’ stand for?
A
  1. Unexpectedness
  2. Meaningfulness- Is there a local connection?
  3. Negativity- bad news more likely to make headlines than good
42
Q

What does the ‘E’ in PUMP NESS RC stand for?

A

Elite nations or ppl- In UK a story about a US pres or US social issue is more likely to be reported on than a story about less influential nations and their leaders.

43
Q

What does the ‘S’ in PUMP NESS RC stand for?

A

Size- The bigger the story, the more ppl it affects; bomb w/many casualties is more newsworthy than bomb hoax
Simplicity- stories that are easy to explain are preferred over more complex ones (eg celeb death>complex court case)

44
Q
  1. What does the ‘R’ in PUMP NESS RC stand for?
  2. What does the ‘C’ stand for?
  3. Who came up with this news values theory?
A
  1. Recency
  2. Continuity
  3. Media Researchers Galtung and Ruge in 1973
45
Q

Why have circulation figures changed?

A
  • Growth of TV as major news source since 50s
  • Growth of Internet as major news source since 90s
  • Access to free news through social media+other outlets
  • Narrowcasting
  • Critics argue they’ve failed to keep up w/modern developments.
46
Q

Narrowcasting

A

B4- small number of outlets for news. Now there’s so many places to access news (TV, websites, social media, blogs). This so-called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller pieces for an increasing no. of news organisations.

47
Q

What have newspapers done to combat the emergence of digital media?

A

Moved towards a multi-platform landscape- synchronised across print, desktop + mobile platforms. Daily Mail provide online content for free. Free providers make money from ad space online. Some papers (e.g. The i) charge subscription.

48
Q

What strategies has the Daily Mail adopted to combat the emergence of digital media?

A
  • Created social media strategy in collab w/digital team to drive growth of Twitter + Facebook profiles.
  • Creating news based content that updates regularly + shared on social media channels + includes range of video content + encourages audience involvement. Print can’t do this so effectively.
49
Q

What is the most popular online newspaper site?

A

MailOnline remains the most popular online newspaper site with 29.3 million users ahead of the Daily Mirror’s 23.8 million.

50
Q

What do Livingstone and Lunt suggest about media regulation and public interest?

A

There’s an underlying struggle in recent UK regulation policy between need to further citizens’ interests (by protecting them from harmful/offensive material), + need to further consumers’ interests (by ensuring choice, value for money, and market competition).

51
Q

What does Sonia Livingstone suggest about media audiences?

A

Suggests they can be defined as either citizens or consumers. Also suggests the media is focussed on consumer interests + personal wants + desires rather than helping citizens participate in a democratic society .

52
Q

What do Livingstone and Lunt suggest about media regulation and the increasing concentration of media ownership/power of corporations?

A

Increasing power of global media corporations, w/rise of convergent media technologies + transformations in production, distribution + marketing of digital media, have placed traditional approaches to media regulation at risk.

53
Q

Is media regulation a popular concept?

A

Has always been controversial- it assumes state intervention; limits freedom of expression + right to communication.

54
Q

Why has regulation become more difficult?

A
  • Globalisation
  • Technological convergence
  • Other structural changes eg privatisation, commercialisation, industry consolidation, and deregulation have had an impact that affects media policymaking and regulation.
55
Q

What different types of regulation is there?

A
  • Advisory bodies
  • Public complaints and standards authorities
  • Professional self-regulatory bodies
  • Public opinion and pressure groups
  • Voluntary consumer and audience watchdog groups
  • Media criticism
  • State/govt intervention, specific media-related laws (copyright), general laws, regulatory + licensing bodies
56
Q

Why do media regulators act as intermediaries and interventionists into media industries?

A

To regulate and control issues around the public concern.

57
Q
  1. What body regulates radio, television, mobile and telecommunications media?
  2. What body regulates films and music videos?
  3. What body regulates games?
  4. What body regulates newspapers and the Press?
  5. What body regulates advertising?
  6. What body regulates online and participatory media?
A
  1. Ofcom
  2. The BBFC
  3. PEGI
  4. The IPSO
  5. The ASA
  6. No regulator. Big providers eg Amazon are developing their own codes of regulation.
58
Q

How has OFCOM tried to regulate the internet?

A

Feb 2020: Announced Ofcom was being appointed ‘online harms regulator’. Say they want to make sure the govt provides effective protection and will consider what ‘voluntary steps can be taken in advance of legislation’.

59
Q

What are the 6 broad reasons for media regulation?

A
  • Public Order
  • Efficiency
  • Access
  • Free Markets
  • Individual rights and interests
  • Economic
60
Q
  1. Reasons for media regulation- Public Order

2. Efficiency

A
  1. To maintain the institutions of government and justice.
  2. Ensuring that a system is established that allows for technical standards to be agreed, innovation to occur, + connectivity + provision for all to be offered.
61
Q

Reasons for media regulation- Access

A
  1. Allow for freedom of communication, diversity, access and freedom of choice for all individuals in the media they consume, and way they communicate.
62
Q

Reasons for media regulation- Free Markets

A

To maintain free market conditions for media services to offer competition and access, protection for consumers, and the stimulus for innovation and expansion to occur

63
Q

Reasons for media regulation- Individual rights and interests

A

Ensuring that individuals’ rights, or sections, in society are protected; that these groups aren’t harmed by media products.

64
Q

Reasons for media regulation- Economics

A

Ensuring that a society reliant on forms of communication can be maintained and evolve.

65
Q

Why is the Web not regulated?

A

It’s a contested space- deregulation plus convergence of ownership - market dominated by a few conglomerates.
Globalisation is making big companies more powerful.
- Web 2.0 - complicated by takeover of previously indie firms
- New Media - linked w/decline in quality
- Web - still a place for dissenting voices - but can also be a place where big companies can operate less visibly

Media Studies- AS/A Level (28 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions