NEW STUDY GUID 3 Flashcards by student nursing

what isatrovasatin, lipitor?

statin

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what is

herapin

enoxaparin, levonax?

anticuagolents

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what is

asprin, ecorine

antiplatelet actions

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what is

clopidogrel, plavix

anti-coagolants

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what is

metroprolol, lopresor, toprol xl

beta blokers

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what is

nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia),
amlodipine (Norvasc)

calcium channel blockers

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what is

niroglycerin, tridil, nitrostat

vasodilator

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What Medication

reduce total cholesterol when used for an extended period.

reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver and increase clearance of LDL from the blood.

contraindicated in patients with active liver disease or during pregnancy

statins

isatrovasatin, lipitor

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What Medication

Prevents intracoronary thrombosis in patients who are hospitalized with ACS

anticoagulents

herapin

enoxaparin, levonax

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What Medication

Inhibits platelet aggregation to prevent clot development

antiplatelets

asprin, ecorine

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What Medication

Inhibits the sympathetic nervous system response to physical activity

decreases cardiac workload and oxygen consumption

beta blockers

metroprolol, lopresor, toprol xl

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What Medication

Reduces blood pressure, which decreases workload and oxygen demands Particularly beneficial in patient with HTN, diabetes, renal disease, and heart failure

ace inhibitors ARB

lisinopril (Zestril),

losartan (Cozaar)

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What Medication

Used when patients cannot tolerate beta blockers

Lowers blood pressure and increases blood flow through the coronaries

prevents coronary artery spasms in Prinzmetal’s/variant angina

calcium channel blockers

linsinopril, zestril

losartan, cozaar

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What Medication

Dilates coronary arteries to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the myocardial cells Can also be given to reduce afterload

vasodilators

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what is

lisinopril (Zestril),

losartan (Cozaar)

ace inhibitor

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what are

Cholesterol

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs)

Triglycerides

lipid panel

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what are

Platelets

Fibrinogen levels

Prothrombin time (PT)

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

International normalized ratio (INR)

coagulation studies

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what are

Creatine kinase myocardial bands (CK-MB)

Troponin

Myoglobin

Brain natriuretic peptide (BPN)

markers of heart disease

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what kind of PB is

120/80

normal

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what kind of PB is

S=120-9
D-less than 80

elevated

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what kind of PB is

S=130-9
D=80-89

stage 1

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what kind of PB is

S=140 or highr
D=90mm or higher

stage 2

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whar kind of BP is

S= 80 or higer
D 120 or higher

hypertension crisis

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lab values

woman

RBC
hematocrit
hemoglobin

3.61-5.11

36-48 %

11.7-15.5

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lab values

man

RBC
hematocrit
hemoglobin

4.21-5.81

42-52 %

14-17.3

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lab values

wbc

4.5-11.10

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lab value

platelets

150-450 thosand

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lab value

10-23 seconds

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lab value

Cholesterol

less than 200

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lab value

Low-density lipoproteins

LDL

less than 100

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lab value

High-density lipoproteins

HDL

grater than 40-60

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lab values

Triglycerides

Less than 150

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lab value

Fibrinogen levels

200–400

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lab value

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

25–35 seconds

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lab value

International normalized ratio (INR)

<2.0

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what foods are high in

iron

Beets

Dark green vegetables

Dried beans, legumes

Fortified grains (breads, cereal)

Meat

BEATS

BEANS; LIMA, LAGUNES

CLAMS

DATES

DARK GREEN VEGETABLES

DRIED NUTS

ENRICHED AND WHOLE GRAIN CEREALS

FORTIFIED BREADS AND CERIALS

MEAT

    Heart  

    Liver

OYSTERS

SPINIACH

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what foods are high in

folic acid

Dark green vegetables

Dried beans, legumes

Fortified grains (breads, cereal)

Nuts

Bran

Yeast

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what foods are high in

vit b12

Meat

Eggs

Dairy products

Seafood

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what are

The American Heart Association “Life’s Simple 7”:

No smoking
- of cigarettes or other tobacco products
Maintain a normal body weight
Exercise
- for at least 150 minutes with moderate-intensity activity, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity, or a combination of each per week
Eat a healthy
- diet that follows the current American Heart Association recommendations
Maintain total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL
Keep BP less than 120/79 mm Hg
Keep fasting blood glucose less than 100 mg/dL

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name the characteristics of

Unstable angina

No elevation in cardiac markers

Maypresent with nonspecific or transient ST segment depresions or elevations

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name the characteristics of

Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infraction

Elevated cardiac markers

ST depresions (0.5mm at least) or T wave inversions (1.0) mm at least) without Q waves in 2 contiguous leads with prominent R waves or R/S ratio>1

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name the characteristics of

ST Elevation Myocardial Infraction

Elevated cardiac markers

ST elevations

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what disease has a bruits sound?

hypertension

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what high levels indicate an increased risk for atherosclerosis.

high LDL

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what low levels

indicate an increased risk for atherosclerosis.

low HDL

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what disease has this medication and
what is this medication?

isoenzyme marker specific to cardiac tissue- asses damage

CK-MB-

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what disease has this medication and
what is this medication?

general marker of cellular injury, it asses muscle damage, 3-36 hrs

myocardial infraction

Creatine kinase (CK)

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what disease has this medication and
what is this medication?

proteins expressed in the heart- marker of cardiac damage. Can stay elevated form 4hrs to 10 days

myocardial infraction

Troponin T/I-

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what disease has this list of medications?

MONA

Morphine

Oxygen

Nitriate

Asprin

myocardial infraction

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what diease has these manifestations?

Sudden onsent of symptoms that require immidiate attention

Acute heart failure

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what diease has these manifestations?

Stable with treatment and management

Chronic heart failure

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what medication

is used to control the sympathetic nervous system in hf to decrees cardiac workload

Beta blockers

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what medication

-Decrease preload in patients with fluid retention

Aldosterone antagonist diuretics

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what medication

-Used to control RAAS compensatory response and reduce after load

A C E inhibitors

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what medication

-Used to increase cardiac contractability and reduce heart rate

Digoxin

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what are these called?

Troponin I/T- used to rule out acute ischemic event

BNP, N-terminal, are increased because of overstretching of the heart

cardiac biomarkers

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what disease has this teaching?

green leafy vegetables contain Vitamin K wich is the antidote for warfarin.

when achieving therapeutic range for the INR, a change in the consuption of green leafy vegetables will change the anticoagulation effects in the body

deep vain thrombosis

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Where is Iron absorbed

Duodenum

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Where is folic acid absorbed

Jejunum

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What does aPTT monitor?

it monitors the response to thrombin inhibitor therapy

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What evaluates the effectiveness of Warfarin (coumadin)

PT/INR

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What is a coenzyme in the DNA Synthesis & RBC

Vit b 12

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What anemia has this as a diagnostic test

Serum ferrin levels

IDA

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What happens to the older client’s PTT, RBCs as they age?

Bonemarrow ages and fewer blood cells are produced

of RBC, Hgb, Hct levels are reduced wich contributes to fatgue

Body water decreases= less fluids in the blood stream with decreased fluid volume lower levels of plasma proteins

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what type of angina is this?

Chest pain or discomfort associated with physical activity

Liked to fixed plaque formation as is predictable

Symptoms alleviated with rest/ medications

Nitrate= nitroglycerin, dilate the artery

stable angina

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what type of angina is this?

Chest pain that occurs at rest

Is the initial phase of Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

Caused by acute decrees in blood flow through the coronaries to the myocardial tissue.

Precursor to MI

unstable angina

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what type of angina is this?

Variation of unstable angina

Blockage caused by coronary artery spasm not plaque formation

prinzemtals angina

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what disease has these medications?

Nitrates- vasodilators

Nitroglycerin (tridil, nitrostat) = dilate the coronary arteries, improving oxygen-rich blood flow to the heart

Can be given to reduce afterload

Asprine

Morphine

Betablockers/calcium channel blockers

Satin medicaton- reduce cholesterol and plaque

angina

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what disease has this teaching?

Educate patient on the risk of hypotension with coadministration with nitroglycerin

angina

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what disease has this management?

Stop and rest

Nitroglycerin tabs

Put under tongue

Do not exceed more than 3 doses 5 minutes apart

angina

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what disease has this effect

Plaque within the lumen of the vessels, is the principal cause of obstruction to blood flow

Atherosclerosis

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what disease has this effect?

it begins with an injury to the endothelium that causes an inflammatory response

Atherosclerosis

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what disease has these side effects of smoke?

Atherosclerosis

Worsens atherosclerosis and accelerates its growth in the coronary arteries, aorta, and arteries in the legs

It does not directly cause atherosclerosis

Smoke and the by products of tobacco cause vasoconstriction, hypertension, endothelial cell death, platelet dysfunction, increase circulating cholesterol

Increased risk of coronary artery disease 2-4X

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what disease has this teaching? SATA

Medication regimen

Angina management

Bleeding precautions

Risk factor reduction

When to call emergency services

Encourage cardiac rehabilitation

Coronary Artery Disease

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what disease has this teaching? SATA

Medication regimen

Angina regimen

Bleeding precautions if on anticoagulants

Risk factors that reduce the strategies; physical activity, blood pressure management, healthy/weight loss, smoking cessations, decreased alcohol consumption, control of glucose

When to call providers or emergency services

Encourage participation in cardiac rehabilitation for ACS patients after PCI or CABG (Coronary artery bypass graft)

Coronary Artery Disease

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what disease has this management?

Prevention and early treatment

Identify people at high risk

Controlling modifiable risk factors

Encourage lifestyle change

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this managment?

Obtain ECG with the occurance of chest pain

Administer:

oxygento keep saturation grater than 93%

Obtain ECG with the occurance of chest pain

nitroglycern as ordered

asprin as ordered

morphine as ordered if nitroglycerin dos not relieve pain

beta blockers/ calcium blokers

statin medication as ordered

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has these risk factors?

Modifiable

Non modifiable

Higher in Caucasian men

Hispanic woman

Posmenopausal woman

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this Purpose of oxygen use

Supplemental oxygen optimizes oxygen delivery to the myocardium

Cardiac dysrhytmias, especialy tachycardia, and anxiety increse myocardial oxygen consuption

Coronary Artery Disease

what disease has this teaching?

Medication regimen

Angina management

If angina occurs stop activity. Take nitroglyceryn tabs. Do not exceed 3 doses 5 min apat.

Bleeding precautions if on anticoagulants

Risk factor reduction strategies: physical activity, blood pressure management, healthy diet/weight loss, smoking cessation, decreased alcohol consumption, control of glucose

When to call providers or emergency services

Encourage participation in cardiac rehabilitation for ACS patients after PCI or CABG.

Coronary Artery Disease

what are these called?

Cigarette smoking

High total cholesterol, high LDL level, low HDL levels, and high triglycerides

Hypertension

Diabetes

Obesity, particularly central obesity

Sedentary lifestyle/physical inactivity

Stress

excessive alcohol consumption

modifiable risk

what are these called?

Gender

Race

Age older than 45 for men

Genetics/family history

Being postmenopausal

non-modifiable

what desease has this medication for management

ace inhibitors
calcium channel blockers
stating

Coronary Artery Desiease

what medication

Reduces blood presure, wich decresed work load and oxygen demands

Particularly benificial in patient with HTN, diabetes, renal disease and heart failure

ACE inhibitors

Lisinopril (zestril)

Losartan (cozaar)

what medication

Used when patient cannot tolorate beta blockers or in patietns with HF

Lowers blood presure and increased blood flow through the coronaies

Also prevents coronary artery spasims in prinzmetal’s variant angina

calcium chanel blockers

Nifedipine (adalt,procardia)

Amlodipine (norvasc)

what medication

Reduce total cholesterol when used for an extended epriod of time

They reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver and increse clearance of LDL from blood

statins

Atrovanstain (lipitor)

Simvanstain (zocor)

what foods interfere with the efficacy of warfarin.

Limit foods high in vitamin K;

what is the antidote for warafin?

Vit. K

when achieving therapeutic range in

“……”

a change in the consumption of green leafy cegetables will change the anticoagulation effects on the body

INR

what disease has this teaching?

Disease process/lifestyle modifications

Exercise regimen that includes aerobic exercise

Cardiac-prudent diet that minimizes saturated fats

Smoking cessation

Medications

warferin

Bleeding precautions

Diet

Deep Vein Thrombosis

what is monitored through monitored through the the

activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)

heparin

when is aPTT is drawn and then repeated every 4 to 6 hours to monitor therapy

before heparin therapy

what is the therapeutic goal of heparin therapy?

The therapeutic goal is 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal value, or 40 to 90 seconds.

what will happen If the initial aPTT is below the designated therapeutic level

an additional heparin bolus may be given along with an increase in the rate of the infusion.

what disease has this
Epidemiology?

65 years or older

African american

Overweight

Heart Failure

what deseae has these
risk factors?

CAD

Hypertension

Diabetes millitus

Metabolic syndrome

Obesity

Smoking

high sodium diatery intake

Heart Failure

what disease progressive disease is characterized by myocardial cell dysfunction, resulting in the inability of the heart to pump enough cardiac output to meet the demands of the body

Heart Failure

what desease has these manifestations?

Jugular vein distention
Dependent edema
Hepatomegaly
Ascites

right sided heart faiulure

what desease has these manifestations?

Shortness of breath or dyspnea or orthopnea

Crackles on auscultation
Pale color, weak pulses, cool temperature in extremities, delayed capillary refill
Fatigue, weakness

left sided heart failure

in what desease does S3 sound means heart failure is getting worse

heart failure

what disease has this diagnostic test

cardiac biomarkers, 
serum electrolytes
complete blood count, urinalysis, 
glucose level, 
fasting lipid profile, 
liver function testing
renal function tests.

heart failure

what are these called?

History of hemorrhagic stroke

Active intracranial neoplasm

Recent surgery

Recent trauma (less than or equal to 2 months)

Active or recent internal bleeding (6 months)

Absolute Contraindications to Thrombolytic Therapy

Severe hypertension (SBP greater than 200 mm Hg or DBP greater than 110 mm Hg)

Nonhemorrhagic stroke (within 2 months)

Surgery in past 10 days

Thrombocytopenia (platelets less than 100,000)

History of bleeding tendencies

Relative Contraindications to Thrombolytic Therapy

what disease has these medications?

*Beta blockers

Used to control the sympathetic nervous system in hf to decrees cardiac workload

*Aldosterone antagonist diuretics

Decrease PRELOAD in patients with fluid retention

*A C E inhibitors

Used to control RAAS compensatory response and reduce AFTER LOAD

*Digoxin

Used to increase cardiac CONTRACTABILITY and reduce heart rate

heart failure

what disease has this Management

Symptom monitoring

Medication adherence

Lifestyle changes

Daily weight taken to monitor fluid retention

Sodium restricted diet

maintain weight

heart failure

what disease has this Actions

Oxygen therapy

Elevate head of bed

Administer medication as ordered;

diuretics- decrease volume, preload
ace inhibitor- decrease workload
beta blockers-reduce oxygen consumption
inotropic agents-enhace contractility

Fluid and sodium restriction

heart failure

what is inability of the right side to pump blood to the pulmonary vaculature called?

right sided hear failure

what disease has this managment?

no smoking of cigarrettes or other tobacco products
maintain normal body weight
Excesise for at least 150 min with moderate intensity activity, or 75 min of vigorus- intensity activity or a combination per week
Eat a healthy diet that follows the curret american heart assosiation recommendations
Mailtain cholesterol levels less than 200mg/dl
Keep BP less than 120/79
Keep fasting glucose less than 100mg/dL

Myocardial Infarction

what would not be used in a patient suffering a right coronary artery MI experiencing bradycardia

Beta blocker therapy

what disease has this medications

Oxygen- patient with less than 90% SPo

Sublingual nitroglycerine (SL)-dialate coronary arteries, if in 3 doses it does not work you must then start and IV nitroglycerine

Asprin- prevent blood clots

Morphine sulfate- for pain

Mayocardial Infractions

what disease has this medications

IV nitroglycerin

Morphine sulfate

β-adrenergic blockers

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Antidysrhythmia drugs

Cholesterol-lowering drugs

Stool softeners

Mayocardial Infractions

what disease has this medications

MONA

Morphine

Oxygen

Nitriate

Asprin

Mayocardial Infractions

what diease has this diagnostic ECG, echocardiogram (echo), stress testing, and coronary angiography.

Mayocardial Infractions

what has become the gold standard for diagnosis of MI.

An ECG

what disease uses these for diagnostic?

Troponin T/I- protiens expresed in the heart- marker of cadiac damage. Can stay elevated form 4hrs to 10 days

Creatine kinase (CK)- general marker of cellular injury, it asses muscle damage, 3-36 hrs

CK-MB- isoenzyme marker specific to cardiac tissue- asses mayocardial damage

Mayocardial Infractions

what kind of desiease occurs when the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle become obstructed or dysfunctional.

Coronary Artery Disease

what medication

Prevents platelets from forming new clots or increasing the size of the present clot

Antiplatelet

Aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), eptifibatide (Integrilin)

what medication

Prevents formation of new clots

Anticoagulant

Heparin, enoxaparin (Lovenox), Factor XA inhibitors

what medication

Relieves chest pain

Narcotic

Morphine sulfate, hydromorphone (Dilaudid)

what medication

Decreases myocardial workload thus myocardial oxygen demand, limiting extension of injury

Beta blocker

Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol (Tenormin

what medication

Dilate coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle and relieve chest pain

Nitrates

Nitroglycerin (Nitro-BID)

what medication

Revascularization of the heart muscle by dissolving clots in arteries

Thrombolytics

Alteplase (Activase), reteplase (Retavase)

what kind of disease refers to the destruction of heart muscle from lack of oxygenated blood supply. The most common cause of this obstruction is atherosclerosis.

Mayocardinal infraction

what is is the gradual buildup of plaque inside the wall of the artery.

Atherosclerosis

what kind of disease is it When a blood clot or other particulate matter travels to the lungs, it lodges in the pulmonary artery and blocks blood flow

DTV

what disease is a common atherosclerotic vascular disease. characterized by vessel wall thickening, plaque formation, and a progressive narrowing of the carotid artery.

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease is An aneurysm is a permanent localized dilation of an artery that forms when the middle layer (media) of the artery is weakened, producing a stretching effect in the inner layer (intima) and outer layers of the artery.

Aortic Artery Disease

what medication has this teaching? SATA

Immediately report blood in sputum, emesis, stool, or urine.
Take the medication at the same time every day.
Never skip a dose of the medication.
Have laboratory values (international normalized ratio [INR]) checked on a regular basis.
Ensure that laboratory levels are safe to continue current dosage or change dosage.
Limit intake or maintain a consistent intake of green leafy vegetables that contain vitamin K (kale, spinach, collard greens, broccoli, okra, cabbage) that may counteract the action of warfarin.
Consult with your care provider before taking aspirin or Plavix in addition to warfarin.
Limit any physical activities that will increase bleeding risk such as contact sports.
Use an electric razor when shaving. 10. Use a soft toothbrush.

warfin

what has this

Pathophysiological processes

describes the factors implicated in the formation of a venous thrombosis; decreased flow rate of the blood or stasis of blood flow, damage to the blood vessel wall; endothelial injury, and an increased tendency of the blood to clot (hypercoagulability).

Virchow’s triad

what disease has this Genriatric /gentrological considerations

Occur between 60 and 90 years of age.

Rupture is likely with coexisting hypertension and with aneurysms more than 6 cm wide.

Aortic Artery Disease

what is this procedure called?

esection and repair- aneurysm is excised, and a graft is applied.

Aneurysmectomy-

what disease has this action

in what position should you place a patient who is Post-CEA

why?

Carotid Artery Disease

Keep head in neutral position

Decreases strain on incision site and carotid artery.

what disease has this actons?

Administer antihypertensive medication as ordered to maintain BP below 140/90 mm Hg

Administer lipid-lowering medication as ordered
Administer antiplatelet aggregates as ordered
Manage diabetes mellitus/maintain blood glucose within normal levels

Carotid Artery Disease

what nerve has this assesment?

Tongue control and movement, ask patient to stick out tongue

XII: Hypoglossal

what nerve has this assesment?

Shrug shoulders, rotate head side to side

XI: Spinal accessory

what nerve has this assesment?

Swallowing, gag reflex, ask the patient to say “Ah”

X: Vagus

what nerve has this assesment?

Symmetry of face when smiling and showing teeth

VII: Facial

what is the gold standard for diagnosis of the severity of carotid artery disease.

carotid angiography,

what is a complications from Carotid artery?

stroke

what disease has these manifestations?

Asymtpmatic until the lumen of the vessel is obstructed to the point that cerebral perfusion is impaired

sudden weakness, sometimes noted more on one side than the other,

dizziness and loss of coordination,

difficulty talking,

facial droop,

sudden vision problems,

sudden and severe headache.

Carotid Artery Disease

what disease has this

Teaching

Positioning

Inspect feet daily

Report chest discomfort or neurological changes immediately

Lifestyly changes consistant with the management of athrosclerosis

Peripheral Artery Disease

what disease has these

Actions

Administer medications as ordered

Antihypertensives

Antiplatelet agents

cilostazol

Proper positioning

Peripheral Artery Disease

what disease has these

Assessment

Bilateral blood presure

Palpate all pulses on both legs

Visual assesment of feet and limbs

Temperature

Asses pain

Peripheral Artery Disease

what anemia has this

Manifestations Manifestation

Neurological

Lhermittes sign

Numbness, tingling, burning in hands or feet

Altered mood status (confused, dementia)

Depression/confusion

Mood swings

Coordination and balance

Impaired balance/taste, stinging sensation on the tong

Verbal disturbances

b12

what anemia has this Medications

injections

Oral supplementation

b 12

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Glossitis ( smooth, shiny toung)

Koilonychia (spoon shaped nails)

Iron dificiency anemia

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Neurological deficits

Paresthesia of feet/fingers

Lhermitte’s sign

Tinnitus

Impaired taste/balance

Depression/confusion

Vit. B Deficiency

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Mood changes

Increased bleeding risk

Neural tube defects in infants

Folic Acid

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Frequent infections

Bruising

Nosebleeds

Gum bleeding

Aplastic anemia

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Jaundice

Dark urine

Splenomegaly

G6PD

what anemia ahas this manifestations?

Pruritis

Facial flushing

Splenomegaly

Vison problems

Weight loss

Nose bleed

Bleeding gums

Hypertension

thromboembolism

Polycythemia

what anemia has this teaching?

Dietary sources

Immediately report any clinical manifestations of fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and confusion

Prenatal teaching

Need for supplementation

folic acid

what anemia has this epidemiology?

Inadequate dietary intake

folic acid

what anemia has this teaching?

Dietary sources of folate/folic acid

Immediately report any clinical manifestations of fatigue, SoB, dizziness, confusion

Prenatal teaching

Need for supplementation

folic acid

what anemia has this

Pathophysiology/Epidemiology

Develops due to bone marrow depression or damage or damage

Aquired secondary to infetions like hepatitis & HIV

High dose radiation (chemotherapy)

Inherited bone marrow dysfunction

aplastic anemia

what anemia has this?

Medical Management/Treatment-

Blood transfusion- primary treatment

Bone marrow transplant from an HLA- matched sibling doner

Stimulating bone marrow production with neupogen,epogen

Over 60yrs immunosuppressive therapy is preferred

aplastic anemia

what anemia has this Complications

Hemorrhage & infection due to decreased platelets and WBC

Risk of GVD due to bone marrow transplant

aplastic anemia

what is the PERFERED treatment of aplastic anemia?

Bone Marrow Transplant is the PERFERD treatment

From a HLA-matching doner

what is the PRIMARY treatment of aplastic anemia?

Blood transfusions is the PRIMARY treatment.

If the patients get too many blood transfusions it puts them at risk for bone marrow transplantation rejection because the transfusion has sensitized that person

what can puts them at risk for bone marrow transplantation rejection because the transfusion has sensitized that person

too many blood transfusions

what anemia has this Management-diagnosis

Heinz bodys blood smear

(Accumulation of deragated Hbg in RBCs)

Avoid faba beans

G6PD

what anemia has this

Epidemiology

Occurs in response to the body’s hypoxic state

Occurs from high altitudes and heavy smoke

WBC/platelet counts remain normal in the presence of the increased RBC production

Secondary polycythemia vera

what anemia has this Symptom management

Reduce hyperviscosity and prevent hemorrhage

Therapeutic phlebotomy

Remove blood and reduce viscosity

polycythemia vera

what is the purpose of radiation in polycythemia vera

Suppress bone marrow production

hydroxyurea, interferon

what anemia has this

Nursing management- actions

Obtain routine CBCs

Increase fluis intake

Ensure adequate rest

Elevate lower extremities when sitting

Modify cardiovascular risk factors

polycythemia vera

what anemia has this
Complications

Repeated phlebotomy can cause iron deficiency

Thombosis

Leads to pulmonary infraction

Hemorage

Gatrointestinal hemorage

Acute myelogenous anemia

Heart failure

polycythemia vera

what is (plasma product rich in factor VIII) may be employed to maintain hemostasis. called?

cryoprecipitate

what anemia has this managment?

treatment with glucocorticoids has proven to be beneficial.

platelet counts by decreasing the antiplatelet antibody production,

Thrombocytopenia

what anemia has this

Manifestations

Ecchymosis

Petechiae

Nosebleeds

Bleeding gums

Black, tarry stool

Hematuria

Thrombocytopenia

what anemia has this Complications-pg 735

Risk of hemorage

Spontanious bleeding

Thrombocytopenia

what anemia has this Nursing Management-action-pg 736

Implement bleeding precautions

Minimize blood loss from lacerations or venepunture

Avoid intramuscular injections

Avoid rectal temperatures, enemas, suppositories, douches

Provide a safe nvironment

Unse minimal inflation when assesing blood presure

Minimize blood draws

Thrombocytopenia

what is this?

It’s a hemorrhagic condition

may occur in patients receiving heparin for an existing thrombus or clot.

patients typically do not have bleeding episodes, and additional thrombi occur or the existing thrombus enlarges

Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)

what is this?

It’s a hemorrhagic condition

Antecedent viral disease that precedes the eruption of petechia or pupura by 1-3 weeks

idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

what anemia has this

Etiology

Group of bleeding disorders in which, although thrombocytopenia may be present, clotting factors VIII (hemophilia A) and IX (hemophilia B/ Christmas disease) are inadaquate.

Heredatary disorder carried by the females but present in the males

Hemophilia

what anemia has this

Care of the patient

Avoid ,minor,injury it can result in significant blood loss

Hemophilia

what anemi has this

Actions

Implement bleasing procautions

Minimize blood loss from lacerations or venepunture

Avid IM injections

Avoid rectal temperature, enemas, supositories, douches

Provide safe environtment

Use minimal inflation when assesing blood predure

Minimize blood drraws

Hemophilia

what anemia has these Manifestations

Spontanious bleeding

Bleeding in muscles and joints

Hemophilia

normal level of

Creatine kinase myocardial bands (CK-MB)

0–3 ng/mL

normal level of

Troponin

Less than 0.4 ng/mL

normal level of

Myoglobin

0–85 ng/mL

normal level of

Brain natriuretic peptide (BPN)

Less than 100 pg/mL

what disease has this medication?

Diuretics
Antihypertensives

Hypertension

If patient is hypotensive:

Reposition patient flat

Anticipate orders for vasoactive drips or intravenous fluid bolus

If patient is hypertensive:

Maintain head of the bed at 30 degrees

Post-CEA

Keep head in neutral position

Post-CAS

Encourage fluid intake/Maintain IV fluids

Post-CAS—Renal function

Post-CEA—Cranial nerves, specifically VII, X, XI, and XII

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