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New South Wales / Victoria Australia Flashcards

1
Q

Oldest winery in Hunter Valley?

A

George Wyndham founded Australia’s now-oldest continuously operating winery (Wyndham Estate) in 1828

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2
Q

Who is the “father” of the Australian wine industry?

A

Scottish-born botanist named James Busby (1801-1871)

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3
Q

When did Phylloxera hit Sydney?

A

In 1884

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4
Q

What is the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and when was it established?

A

A massive project delivering water from the Murrumbidgee (a major tributary of the Murray River) to the otherwise dry and drought-prone farmlands in the Riverina region west of the Great Dividing Range, provided a seemingly limitless new frontier for food and wine grape production.

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5
Q

Who were some of the first to plant vineyards in Riverina?

A

McWilliams 1923
Penfolds 1918
De Bortoli was established near the town of Griffith in 1928.

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6
Q

Major climatic features in New South Wales?

A

Pacific Ocean and the Great Dividing Range

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7
Q

What is the Great Dividing Range and how does it impact New South Wales?

A

It is a complex of mountain chains running along the entire coastline of NSW, blocks western areas from rainfall and cooling maritime breezes

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8
Q

What are the highest mountains in Australia?

A

Snowy Mountains, an alpine sector of the Great Dividing Range located within the Southern New South Wales zone.
In the highlands, climate becomes continental and temperatures cool with elevation.

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9
Q

What other Gi’s are inside of Hunter Valley zone?

A

Hunter Gi region- Upper Hunter Valley, Broke Fordwich, and Pokolbin. The two latter known as Lower Hunter Valley

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10
Q

Name the six sub regions of Lower Hunter?

A

Pokolbin, Broke Fordwich, Allandale, Belford, Dalwood, and Rothbury—but only the first two have earned sub-region GI status to date.

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11
Q

Describe the climate of Hunter Valley Gi?

A

Warmest and wettest climates, It is sub-tropical and humid, and the Lower Hunter averages over 20 inches of rain during the growing season. Region IV DD.

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12
Q

What impact does the climate have on the grapes in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Ripening comes early in the Hunter Valley through the region’s warm summer nights. Autumn also arrives early, and comes a near-constant cloud cover. Ripe fruit character develops early in the season, when pH is still relatively low, but sugar ripening slows early as well, as vines transition to producing carbohydrates for dormancy in the early fall.

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13
Q

Major grapes in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Red grapes: 30% Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
White grapes: 70% Chardonnay. Semillon, Verdelho

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14
Q

What type of soil is in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Upper Hunter Valley GI: Black silt loam, dark clay loam
Lower Hunter: Friable loam, red friable duplex soils

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15
Q

Key producers in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Tyrrell’s, Brokenwood, Yarraman Estate, McWilliam’s Mount Pleasant, Keith Tulloch Wine, Wyndham Estate, Rosemount Estate

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16
Q

Major natural features (rivers) in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Hunter and Goulburn Rivers

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17
Q

Most planted grape in Hunter Valley zone and its characteristics?

A

Semillon. Low alcohol and high acid. Classic Hunter Semillon never sees oak and no lees stirring, aged by its makers for several years prior to release, gaining notes of browned toast and crème caramel—lemon grass notes in youth

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18
Q

Top bottling’s of Hunter Valley zone Semillon?

A

Top bottlings include Tyrrell’s “Vat 1” and Brokenwood’s “ILR Reserve,” which are released five and six years after the vintage, respectively.

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19
Q

Which Gi’s are in the Central Range Zones?

A

Mudgee Gi, Orange Gi, Cowra Gi

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20
Q

Mudgee Gi climate?

A

Borders Hunter GI, yet rises 400-500 meters higher in altitude and experiences a drier, sunnier, and less humid climate with greater diurnal shifts in temperature creating concentrated, deeply colored red wines.

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21
Q

Key producers of Mudgee Gi?

A

Montrose, Simon Gilbert Wines

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22
Q

Major natural feature in Mudgee Gi?

A

Great dividing range

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23
Q

Describe the Geography and climate of Orange Gi?

A

The Central Ranges’ youngest, coolest region. It is also one of the highest regions in the entire country overall: Orange GI begins at the 600-meter line of elevation, and its vineyards rise up the slopes of NSW’s central highlands, past the 1000-meter mark. The highest point in the appellation is Mount Canobolas, an extinct volcano and the source of the region’s richest, basalt-derived soils.

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24
Q

Key producers in Orange Gi?

A

Bloodwood, Canobolas-Smith, Word of Mouth, Borrodell on the Mount

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25
Major natural features in Orange Gi?
Mount Canobolas
26
Describe the Geography and climate of Cowra Gi?
The southernmost and warmest region in the zone—an indication of its lower elevation rather than its higher latitude—is best known for soft, generous styles of Chardonnay.
27
Major producers in Cowra Gi?
Cowra Estate, Windowrie Estate
28
Major natural features in Cowra Gi?
Lachlan and Belubula Rivers, Great Dividing Range
29
Major grapes in the Central Range Zones?
Red grapes: Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot White grapes: Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon (Mudgee Gi)
30
What Gi is located inside the Northern Rivers zone and its climate?
Hastings River Gi lies right on the coast; it is unequivocally hot—falling within Region V on Winkler’s Scale—and it experiences more rainfall during the growing season than any other region in Australia.
31
Major grapes in Hastings River Gi?
Red grapes: Chambourcin (French Hybrid), Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon White grapes: Semillon, Chardonnay
32
Major natural features of Hastings Gi and soil?
Broken Bago Range, Pacific Ocean, Hastings River Rich alluvial soils and red volcanic soils
33
What Gi is located inside the Northern Slopes zone and its climate?
New England Australia GI, formally approved in 2008, is northwest of Hastings River. The Great Dividing Range in New England mitigates the heat, and allows the region’s growing number of wineries to produce cooler-climate versions of Shiraz
34
Major natural features in New England Australia Gi?
-Great Dividing Range -Black Mountain (home to Australia's highest altitude vineyard, at 1320 meters above sea level) -Peel, Gwydir, and Severn Rivers -Moonbi Hills
35
Key producers inside New England Australia Gi?
New England Estate, Blickling Estate, Jilly Wines
36
What Gi's are in the South Coast zone?
Shoalhaven Coast Gi, Southern Highlands GI
37
Which Italian varietal is grown inside Souther Highlands Gi?
Tempranillo
38
Southern Highlands Gi key producers?
Centennial Vineyards, Cuttaway Hill Estate
39
Which zones are in Victoria GI?
Central Victoria Gippsland Northeast Victoria Northwest Victoria Port Phillip Western Victoria
40
What Regions are inside Port Phillip zone?
Geelong Macedon Ranges Mornington Peninsula Sunbury Yarra Valley
41
What regions and sub-regions are inside Central Victoria zone?
Bendigo Goulburn Valley sub region Nagambie Lakes Heathcote Strathbogie Ranges Upper Goulburn
42
What regions are inside Northeast Victoria?
Alpine Valley Beechworth Glenrowan King Valley Rutherglen
43
What regions are inside Northwest Victoria?
Murray Darling Swan Hill
44
What regions and sub regions are inside Western Victoria zone?
Gramplans Henty Pyrenees
45
Which regions are inside the Port Phillip zone?
Yarra Valley Gi Mornington Peninsula Gi Geelong Gi Sunbury Gi Macedon Ranges Gi
46
Describe the climate of Port Phillip zone?
Climate Mediterranean, and all five of the region’s zones are classified as Region I or II in Winkler’s Scale of heat summation. Overall climate, cooled by wind, proximity to water, and—in the northern area of the Macedon Ranges—elevation, is cooler than what one would find in Bordeaux
47
Key producers in Yarra Valley Gi?
Yarra Yering, Mount Mary, Chateau Yarrinya Giant Steps, Mac Forbes, Domaine Chandon
48
Major natural features in Yarra Valley Gi?
-Yarra Ranges/Great Dividing Range -Southern Ocean (Yarra Valley does not touch the sea, but its proximity does affect climate.)
49
Major grapes in Yarra Valley Gi?
-Red Grapes (62%): Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Merlot -White Grapes (38%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc -Sparkling Wines
50
Climate in Yarra Valley Gi?
Cool Maritime
51
Which mother clone of Pinot Noir did James Busby bring to Australia?
MV6, a “mother vine” selection, in 1831 from Clos Vougeot.
52
Describe the difference in climate, soil, and Pinot Noir in the Lower Yarra Valley and Upper Yarra Valley Gi?
The warmer Lower Yarra Valley in the north, with its ancient sandy loam soils, and the cooler, higher-elevation Upper Yarra Valley in the south, where the soil is composed of younger red basalt. Pinot Noir from the Upper Yarra Valley tends to be more defined and mineral, whereas those from the valley floor in the Lower Yarra are often plumper and less aromatic.
53
Major grapes of Mornington Peninsula Gi and climate?
Red Grapes (60%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon White Grapes (40%): Chardonnay, Pinot Gris Cool Maritime
54
Major natural features in Mornington Peninsula Gi?
Bass Strait, Port Phillip Bay, Western Port Bay
55
Major producers in Mornington Peninsula Gi?
Main Ridge Estate, Willow Creek Vineyard, Kooyong, Paringa Estate, Stonier Wines, Yabby Lake, Ocean Eight
56
Briefly describe the climate and hazards in Geelong Gi?
Geelong is the driest GI in the Port Phillip zone, and spring frosts and wind damage can be especially challenging here.
57
What are the unofficial sub zones of Geelong Gi?
Surf Coast/Otways, the Bellarine—a peninsula that reaches out toward Mornington—and the Moorabool Valley, the beating heart of Victorian wine production in the 1860s and the center of the Geelong wine industry today.
58
Major grapes of Geelong Gi?
Red Grapes (65%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon White Grapes (35%): Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc
59
Major natural features of Geelong?
-Port Phillip Bay, Bass Strait -Moorabool, Leigh, and Barwon Rivers
60
Key producers of Geelong Gi?
Shadowfax, By Farr, Bannockburn, Austins Wines
61
Major natural features of Sunbury Gi?
Macedon Ranges Port Phillip Bay
62
What is the climate of the Macedon Ranges Gi?
Coolest region on the Australian mainland
63
Major grapes of Macedon Ranges Gi?
Red Grapes (59%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon White Grapes (41%): Chardonnay, Riesling Sparkling Wines
64
What is there climate and soil of Heathcote Gi and Bendigo Gi in Central Victoria zone?
Dry, warm, continental, and undulating in aspect, with Heathcote experiencing a more pronounced variation in elevation due to the ridge lines of the Mount Camel Range. The major difference lies underfoot: on the eastern side of Heathcote, a strip of red earth rich in 500-million-year-old Cambrian volcanic greenstone is especially prized for growing vines.
65
What grape and wine is famous in Heathcote Gi?
Full-bodied, densely flavored Shiraz. Jasper Hill is one of its foremost producers in the region, and one of the marquee names in blockbuster-styled Shiraz in the country.
66
Major natural feature of Goulburn Valley Gi?
Goulburn River
67
Major producers in Goulburn Valley?
Tahbilk, Monichino Wines
68
Major grapes of Goulburn Valley Gi?
Red Grapes (61%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot White Grapes (39%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Marsanne (planted in 1927)
69
What is the sub region of Goulburn Gi and what helps moderate its climate?
Nagambie Lakes GI, where a complex of inland lakes and lagoons helps to moderate the otherwise quite warm and continental climate of the region
70
What direction is Goulburn Valley Gi from Heathcote Gi and Bendigo Gi?
Northeast
71
Which two Gi's are southeast from Nagambie Lakes sub region and their elevation?
Strathbogie Ranges Gi and Upper Goulburn Gi 600-800 meters above sea level
72
What zone is Rutherglen Gi in and its climate?
Northeast Victoria and Hot continental or Region III
73
What are the major natural features in Rutherglen Gi?
Murray River and Victorian Alps
74
Major grapes in Rutherglen Gi?
Red Grapes (83%): Shiraz, Brown Muscat (Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains), Durif White Grapes (17%): Muscadelle, Chardonnay, Marsanne Fortified Wine Styles: Topaque (formerly "Tokay"), Muscat, Tawny
75
List the four tiers of Rutherglen Muscat?
Basic level Classic Grand Rare
76
What grape is Brown Muscat and which soil does it prefer?
Muscat de Frontignan, or Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains grows on deep “Rutherglen loam”
77
Is botrytis and desirable characteristic for Brown Muscat?
Botrytis is undesirable—and historically uncommon—as it ruins the varietal, terpene-laden character of Muscat grapes, but this process of passerillage is essential for concentration of sugar.
78
How is Brown Muscat vinified?
After the harvest, Rutherglen producers typically allow the Muscat grapes to undergo a short fermentation on the skins, consuming 20-40 g/l of sugar over the course of one or two days. The wine is then pressed and immediately fortified with a neutral 96° grape spirit, added—as in Port—in a one-to-four ratio.
79
List the choice of barrels Rutherglen Muscat can be matured in?
225-liter barriques, 300-liter hogsheads, and occasionally 500-liter puncheons and even larger oval casks, depending on the producer and the wine
80
What happens as Rutherglen Muscat ages in cask over time?
As the wines mature in cask, evaporation results in a net loss of around 5% per year and a greater concentration of sugar, acid, and alcohol in the remaining wine. Some producers use a solera system; others tend to keep lots and vintages separate, preferring to assemble blends just prior to bottling
81
How many wineries produce Rutherglen Muscat?
8 All Saints, Morris, Campbells, Chambers, Stanton & Killeen, Rutherglen Estates, Buller, and Pfeiffer.
82
What is Topaque and how is it harvested?
Topaque is a fortified wine made with Muscadelle grapes it often hangs on the vine until the end of April, and accrues noticeably less sugar and concentrates through passerillage
83
What is the difference between Rutherglen Muscat and Topaque through vinification and in the final glass?
Fermentation, fortification and aging procedures are similar to the processes associated with Muscat, and the same categories (Classic, Grand, etc.) are in place for Topaque. The final wines are lighter in color than Muscat, as they are produced from white rather than red grapes, and typically exhibit 30-40 g/l less residual sugar than Muscat wines in the same category.
84
Topaque aromatic discriptors?
Honey, cold tea, and sardine oil—the latter a not-at-all unpleasant, seaweed-like character that offers interesting counterbalance to otherwise sweet-smelling and candied aromas. With less intensity and greater acidity than fortified Muscat, Topaque is a better wine for the table, and the basic styles can be offered as a chilled aperitif (In place of Apera, perhaps?) over ice.
85
Describe the four different flavor profiles of Rutherglen Muscat?
-Basic level Muscat showcases the orange and rosy aromatics of young Muscat in a saccharine, mouth coating frame. -“Classic” Muscat retains intense varietal aroma, but adds concentration and slight rancio tones. -“Grand” level, where the wines take on more oxidative tones and begin to show mature rancio character -"Rare" The oldest, sweetest, most concentrated and most viscous wines and should taste at least 20 years of age
86
What are the major grapes of Glenrowan Gi?
Red Grapes (95%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Durif White Grapes (5%): Muscadelle, Muscat à Petits Grains (both used for fortified wines)
87
Major natural features of Glenrowan Gi?
Warby Ranges Lake Mokoan
88
What is a major natural feature surrounding Alpine Valley Gi and Beechworth Gi?
Victorian Alps
89
Major natural features of King Valley Gi?
King River Oxley Plains (northern valley) Victorian Alps (southern valley)
90
Which Northeast Gi produces sparkling wines?
King Valley Gi with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
91
Which two states share Murray River Gi and Swan Hill Gi?
New South Wales and Victoria (Northwest Victoria)
92
Major grapes of Murray River Gi and Swan Hill Gi?
Red Grapes (37%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot White Grapes (63%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscat Gordo Blanco
93
Who made Australia’s first-ever traditional method sparkling wine?
In 1890 Charles Pierlot, a French winemaker who trained at Pommery made Australia’s first-ever traditional method sparkling wine, at Great Western.
94
From north to south list Grampians Gi, Henty Gi, Bendigo Gi, and Pyrenees Gi
Bendigo, Pyrenees, Grampians, Henty
95
What are the main red grapes of Pyrenees Gi and Grampians Gi?
Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon
96
What Gi's go from warmest to coldest in Western Victoria zone and who produces sparkling wines?
Pyrenees, Grampians, Henty being the coldest Seppelt for Granpians and Henty
97
Major natural features in Gippsland Gi?
Bass Strait/Southern Ocean Great Dividing Range
98
Major producers in Gippsland Gi?
Bass Philip, Willian Downie
99
Climate in Gippsland Gi?
Cool maritime climate

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