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New South Wales / Victoria Australia Flashcards

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Introductory Sommelier Exam (CMS) flashcards
1
Q

Oldest winery in Hunter Valley?

A

George Wyndham founded Australia’s now-oldest continuously operating winery (Wyndham Estate) in 1828

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2
Q

Who is the “father” of the Australian wine industry?

A

Scottish-born botanist named James Busby (1801-1871)

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3
Q

When did Phylloxera hit Sydney?

A

In 1884

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4
Q

What is the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area and when was it established?

A

A massive project delivering water from the Murrumbidgee (a major tributary of the Murray River) to the otherwise dry and drought-prone farmlands in the Riverina region west of the Great Dividing Range, provided a seemingly limitless new frontier for food and wine grape production.

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5
Q

Who were some of the first to plant vineyards in Riverina?

A

McWilliams 1923
Penfolds 1918
De Bortoli was established near the town of Griffith in 1928.

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6
Q

Major climatic features in New South Wales?

A

Pacific Ocean and the Great Dividing Range

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7
Q

What is the Great Dividing Range and how does it impact New South Wales?

A

It is a complex of mountain chains running along the entire coastline of NSW, blocks western areas from rainfall and cooling maritime breezes

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8
Q

What are the highest mountains in Australia?

A

Snowy Mountains, an alpine sector of the Great Dividing Range located within the Southern New South Wales zone.
In the highlands, climate becomes continental and temperatures cool with elevation.

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9
Q

What other Gi’s are inside of Hunter Valley zone?

A

Hunter Gi region- Upper Hunter Valley, Broke Fordwich, and Pokolbin. The two latter known as Lower Hunter Valley

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10
Q

Name the six sub regions of Lower Hunter?

A

Pokolbin, Broke Fordwich, Allandale, Belford, Dalwood, and Rothbury—but only the first two have earned sub-region GI status to date.

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11
Q

Describe the climate of Hunter Valley Gi?

A

Warmest and wettest climates, It is sub-tropical and humid, and the Lower Hunter averages over 20 inches of rain during the growing season. Region IV DD.

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12
Q

What impact does the climate have on the grapes in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Ripening comes early in the Hunter Valley through the region’s warm summer nights. Autumn also arrives early, and comes a near-constant cloud cover. Ripe fruit character develops early in the season, when pH is still relatively low, but sugar ripening slows early as well, as vines transition to producing carbohydrates for dormancy in the early fall.

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13
Q

Major grapes in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Red grapes: 30% Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
White grapes: 70% Chardonnay. Semillon, Verdelho

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14
Q

What type of soil is in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Upper Hunter Valley GI: Black silt loam, dark clay loam
Lower Hunter: Friable loam, red friable duplex soils

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15
Q

Key producers in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Tyrrell’s, Brokenwood, Yarraman Estate, McWilliam’s Mount Pleasant, Keith Tulloch Wine, Wyndham Estate, Rosemount Estate

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16
Q

Major natural features (rivers) in Hunter Valley zone?

A

Hunter and Goulburn Rivers

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17
Q

Most planted grape in Hunter Valley zone and its characteristics?

A

Semillon. Low in alcohol (frequently in the 10-12% range) and incredibly acidic (pH levels remain around 2.9) Classic Hunter Semillon never sees oak and there is no emphasis on lees stirring, aged by its makers for several years prior to release, gaining notes of browned toast and crème caramel—expanding on the simple lemon and slight grass notes of its extreme youth.

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18
Q

Top bottling’s of Hunter Valley zone Semillon?

A

Top bottlings include Tyrrell’s “Vat 1” and Brokenwood’s “ILR Reserve,” which are released five and six years after the vintage, respectively.

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19
Q

Which Gi’s are in the Central Range Zones?

A

Mudgee Gi, Orange Gi, Cowra Gi

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20
Q

Mudgee Gi climate?

A

Borders Hunter GI, yet rises 400-500 meters higher in altitude and experiences a drier, sunnier, and less humid climate with greater diurnal shifts in temperature creating concentrated, deeply colored red wines.

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21
Q

Key producers of Mudgee Gi?

A

Montrose, Simon Gilbert Wines

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22
Q

Major natural feature in Mudgee Gi?

A

Great dividing range

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23
Q

Describe the Geography and climate of Orange Gi?

A

The Central Ranges’ youngest, coolest region. It is also one of the highest regions in the entire country overall: Orange GI begins at the 600-meter line of elevation, and its vineyards rise up the slopes of NSW’s central highlands, past the 1000-meter mark. The highest point in the appellation is Mount Canobolas, an extinct volcano and the source of the region’s richest, basalt-derived soils.

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24
Q

Key producers in Orange Gi?

A

Bloodwood, Canobolas-Smith, Word of Mouth, Borrodell on the Mount

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25
Q

Major natural features in Orange Gi?

A

Mount Canobolas

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26
Q

Describe the Geography and climate of Cowra Gi?

A

The southernmost and warmest region in the zone—an indication of its lower elevation rather than its higher latitude—is best known for soft, generous styles of Chardonnay.

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27
Q

Major producers in Cowra Gi?

A

Cowra Estate, Windowrie Estate

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28
Q

Major natural features in Cowra Gi?

A

Lachlan and Belubula Rivers, Great Dividing Range

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29
Q

Major grapes in the Central Range Zones?

A

Red grapes: Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
White grapes: Chardonnay, Pinot Gris, Sauvignon Blanc,
Semillon (Mudgee Gi)

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30
Q

What Gi is located inside the Northern Rivers zone and its climate?

A

Hastings River Gi lies right on the coast; it is unequivocally hot—falling within Region V on Winkler’s Scale—and it experiences more rainfall during the growing season than any other region in Australia.

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31
Q

Major grapes in Hastings River Gi?

A

Red grapes: Chambourcin (French Hybrid), Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon
White grapes: Semillon, Chardonnay

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32
Q

Major natural features of Hastings Gi and soil?

A

Broken Bago Range, Pacific Ocean, Hastings River
Rich alluvial soils and red volcanic soils

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33
Q

What Gi is located inside the Northern Slopes zone and its climate?

A

New England Australia GI, formally approved in 2008, is northwest of Hastings River. The Great Dividing Range in New England mitigates the heat, and allows the region’s growing number of wineries to produce cooler-climate versions of Shiraz

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34
Q

Major natural features in New England Australia Gi?

A

-Great Dividing Range
-Black Mountain (home to Australia’s highest altitude vineyard, at 1320 meters above sea level)
-Peel, Gwydir, and Severn Rivers
-Moonbi Hills

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35
Q

Key producers inside New England Australia Gi?

A

New England Estate, Blickling Estate, Jilly Wines

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36
Q

What Gi’s are in the South Coast zone?

A

Shoalhaven Coast Gi, Southern Highlands GI

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37
Q

Which Italian varietal is grown inside Souther Highlands Gi?

A

Tempranillo

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38
Q

Southern Highlands Gi key producers?

A

Centennial Vineyards, Cuttaway Hill Estate

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39
Q

Which zones are in Victoria GI?

A

Central Victoria
Gippsland
Northeast Victoria
Northwest Victoria
Port Phillip
Western Victoria

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40
Q

What Regions are inside Port Phillip zone?

A

Geelong
Macedon Ranges
Mornington Peninsula
Sunbury
Yarra Valley

41
Q

What regions and sub-regions are inside Central Victoria zone?

A

Bendigo
Goulburn Valley sub region Nagambie Lakes
Heathcote
Strathbogie Ranges
Upper Goulburn

42
Q

What regions are inside Northeast Victoria?

A

Alpine Valley
Beechworth
Glenrowan
King Valley
Rutherglen

43
Q

What regions are inside Northwest Victoria?

A

Murray Darling
Swan Hill

44
Q

What regions and sub regions are inside Western Victoria zone?

A

Gramplans
Henty
Pyrenees

45
Q

Which regions are inside the Port Phillip zone?

A

Yarra Valley Gi
Mornington Peninsula Gi
Geelong Gi
Sunbury Gi
Macedon Ranges Gi

46
Q

Describe the climate of Port Phillip zone?

A

Climate Mediterranean, and all five of the region’s zones are classified as Region I or II in Winkler’s Scale of heat summation. Overall climate, cooled by wind, proximity to water, and—in the northern area of the Macedon Ranges—elevation, is cooler than what one would find in Bordeaux

47
Q

Key producers in Yarra Valley Gi?

A

Yarra Yering, Mount Mary, Chateau Yarrinya
Giant Steps, Mac Forbes, Domaine Chandon

48
Q

Major natural features in Yarra Valley Gi?

A

-Yarra Ranges/Great Dividing Range
-Southern Ocean (Yarra Valley does not touch the sea, but its proximity does affect climate.)

49
Q

Major grapes in Yarra Valley Gi?

A

-Red Grapes (62%): Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Shiraz, Merlot
-White Grapes (38%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc
-Sparkling Wines

50
Q

Climate in Yarra Valley Gi?

A

Cool Maritime

51
Q

Which mother clone of Pinot Noir did James Busby bring to Australia?

A

MV6, a “mother vine” selection, in 1831 from Clos Vougeot.

52
Q

Describe the difference in climate, soil, and Pinot Noir in the Lower Yarra Valley and Upper Yarra Valley Gi?

A

The warmer Lower Yarra Valley in the north, with its ancient sandy loam soils, and the cooler, higher-elevation Upper Yarra Valley in the south, where the soil is composed of younger red basalt. Pinot Noir from the Upper Yarra Valley tends to be more defined and mineral, whereas those from the valley floor in the Lower Yarra are often plumper and less aromatic.

53
Q

Major grapes of Mornington Peninsula Gi and climate?

A

Red Grapes (60%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon
White Grapes (40%): Chardonnay, Pinot Gris
Cool Maritime

54
Q

Major natural features in Mornington Peninsula Gi?

A

Bass Strait, Port Phillip Bay, Western Port Bay

55
Q

Major producers in Mornington Peninsula Gi?

A

Main Ridge Estate, Willow Creek Vineyard, Kooyong, Paringa Estate, Stonier Wines, Yabby Lake, Ocean Eight

56
Q

Briefly describe the climate and hazards in Geelong Gi?

A

Geelong is the driest GI in the Port Phillip zone, and spring frosts and wind damage can be especially challenging here.

57
Q

What are the unofficial sub zones of Geelong Gi?

A

Surf Coast/Otways, the Bellarine—a peninsula that reaches out toward Mornington—and the Moorabool Valley, the beating heart of Victorian wine production in the 1860s and the center of the Geelong wine industry today.

58
Q

Major grapes of Geelong Gi?

A

Red Grapes (65%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon
White Grapes (35%): Chardonnay, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc

59
Q

Major natural features of Geelong?

A

-Port Phillip Bay, Bass Strait
-Moorabool, Leigh, and Barwon Rivers

60
Q

Key producers of Geelong Gi?

A

Shadowfax, By Farr, Bannockburn, Austins Wines

61
Q

Major natural features of Sunbury Gi?

A

Macedon Ranges
Port Phillip Bay

62
Q

What is the climate of the Macedon Ranges Gi?

A

Coolest region on the Australian mainland

63
Q

Major grapes of Macedon Ranges Gi?

A

Red Grapes (59%): Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon
White Grapes (41%): Chardonnay, Riesling
Sparkling Wines

64
Q

What is there climate and soil of Heathcote Gi and Bendigo Gi in Central Victoria zone?

A

Dry, warm, continental, and undulating in aspect, with Heathcote experiencing a more pronounced variation in elevation due to the ridge lines of the Mount Camel Range. The major difference lies underfoot: on the eastern side of Heathcote, a strip of red earth rich in 500-million-year-old Cambrian volcanic greenstone is especially prized for growing vines.

65
Q

What grape and wine is famous in Heathcote Gi?

A

Full-bodied, densely flavored Shiraz. Jasper Hill is one of its foremost producers in the region, and one of the marquee names in blockbuster-styled Shiraz in the country.

66
Q

Major natural feature of Goulburn Valley Gi?

A

Goulburn River

67
Q

Major producers in Goulburn Valley?

A

Tahbilk, Monichino Wines

68
Q

Major grapes of Goulburn Valley Gi?

A

Red Grapes (61%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
White Grapes (39%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Marsanne (planted in 1927)

69
Q

What is the sub region of Goulburn Gi and what helps moderate its climate?

A

Nagambie Lakes GI, where a complex of inland lakes and lagoons helps to moderate the otherwise quite warm and continental climate of the region

70
Q

What direction is Goulburn Valley Gi from Heathcote Gi and Bendigo Gi?

A

Northeast

71
Q

Which two Gi’s are southeast from Nagambie Lakes sub region and their elevation?

A

Strathbogie Ranges Gi and Upper Goulburn Gi
600-800 meters above sea level

72
Q

What zone is Rutherglen Gi in and its climate?

A

Northeast Victoria and Hot continental or Region III

73
Q

What are the major natural features in Rutherglen Gi?

A

Murray River and Victorian Alps

74
Q

Major grapes in Rutherglen Gi?

A

Red Grapes (83%): Shiraz, Brown Muscat (Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains), Durif
White Grapes (17%): Muscadelle, Chardonnay, Marsanne
Fortified Wine Styles: Topaque (formerly “Tokay”), Muscat, Tawny

75
Q

List the four tiers of Rutherglen Muscat?

A

Basic level
Classic
Grand
Rare

76
Q

What grape is Brown Muscat and which soil does it prefer?

A

Muscat de Frontignan, or Muscat Rouge à Petit Grains grows on deep “Rutherglen loam”

77
Q

Is botrytis and desirable characteristic for Brown Muscat?

A

Botrytis is undesirable—and historically uncommon—as it ruins the varietal, terpene-laden character of Muscat grapes, but this process of passerillage is essential for concentration of sugar.

78
Q

How is Brown Muscat vinified?

A

After the harvest, Rutherglen producers typically allow the Muscat grapes to undergo a short fermentation on the skins, consuming 20-40 g/l of sugar over the course of one or two days. The wine is then pressed and immediately fortified with a neutral 96° grape spirit, added—as in Port—in a one-to-four ratio.

79
Q

List the choice of barrels Rutherglen Muscat can be matured in?

A

225-liter barriques, 300-liter hogsheads, and occasionally 500-liter puncheons and even larger oval casks, depending on the producer and the wine

80
Q

What happens as Rutherglen Muscat ages in cask over time?

A

As the wines mature in cask, evaporation results in a net loss of around 5% per year and a greater concentration of sugar, acid, and alcohol in the remaining wine. Some producers use a solera system; others tend to keep lots and vintages separate, preferring to assemble blends just prior to bottling

81
Q

How many wineries produce Rutherglen Muscat?

A

8
All Saints, Morris, Campbells, Chambers, Stanton & Killeen, Rutherglen Estates, Buller, and Pfeiffer.

82
Q

What is Topaque and how is it harvested?

A

Topaque is a fortified wine made with Muscadelle grapes it often hangs on the vine until the end of April, and accrues noticeably less sugar and concentrates through passerillage

83
Q

What is the difference between Rutherglen Muscat and Topaque through vinification and in the final glass?

A

Fermentation, fortification and aging procedures are similar to the processes associated with Muscat, and the same categories (Classic, Grand, etc.) are in place for Topaque. The final wines are lighter in color than Muscat, as they are produced from white rather than red grapes, and typically exhibit 30-40 g/l less residual sugar than Muscat wines in the same category.

84
Q

Topaque aromatic discriptors?

A

Honey, cold tea, and sardine oil—the latter a not-at-all unpleasant, seaweed-like character that offers interesting counterbalance to otherwise sweet-smelling and candied aromas. With less intensity and greater acidity than fortified Muscat, Topaque is a better wine for the table, and the basic styles can be offered as a chilled aperitif (In place of Apera, perhaps?) over ice.

85
Q

Describe the four different flavor profiles of Rutherglen Muscat?

A

-Basic level Muscat showcases the orange and rosy aromatics of young Muscat in a saccharine, mouth coating frame.
-“Classic” Muscat retains intense varietal aroma, but adds concentration and slight rancio tones.
-“Grand” level, where the wines take on more oxidative tones and begin to show mature rancio character
-“Rare” The oldest, sweetest, most concentrated and most viscous wines and should taste at least 20 years of age

86
Q

What are the major grapes of Glenrowan Gi?

A

Red Grapes (95%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Durif
White Grapes (5%): Muscadelle, Muscat à Petits Grains (both used for fortified wines)

87
Q

Major natural features of Glenrowan Gi?

A

Warby Ranges
Lake Mokoan

88
Q

What is a major natural feature surrounding Alpine Valley Gi and Beechworth Gi?

A

Victorian Alps

89
Q

Major natural features of King Valley Gi?

A

King River
Oxley Plains (northern valley)
Victorian Alps (southern valley)

90
Q

Which Northeast Gi produces sparkling wines?

A

King Valley Gi with Chardonnay and Pinot Noir

91
Q

Which two states share Murray River Gi and Swan Hill Gi?

A

New South Wales and Victoria (Northwest Victoria)

92
Q

Major grapes of Murray River Gi and Swan Hill Gi?

A

Red Grapes (37%): Shiraz, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
White Grapes (63%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Muscat Gordo Blanco

93
Q

Who made Australia’s first-ever traditional method sparkling wine?

A

In 1890 Charles Pierlot, a French winemaker who trained at Pommery made Australia’s first-ever traditional method sparkling wine, at Great Western.

94
Q

From north to south list Grampians Gi, Henty Gi, Bendigo Gi, and Pyrenees Gi

A

Bendigo, Pyrenees, Grampians, Henty

95
Q

What are the main red grapes of Pyrenees Gi and Grampians Gi?

A

Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon

96
Q

What Gi’s go from warmest to coldest in Western Victoria zone and who produces sparkling wines?

A

Pyrenees, Grampians, Henty being the coldest
Seppelt for Granpians and Henty

97
Q

Major natural features in Gippsland Gi?

A

Bass Strait/Southern Ocean
Great Dividing Range

98
Q

Major producers in Gippsland Gi?

A

Bass Philip, Willian Downie

99
Q

Climate in Gippsland Gi?

A

Cool maritime climate

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