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Neuroscience I (Exam 1) > Neurotransmitters/Chemical Messengers > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters/Chemical Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is produced almost exclusively in the midline raphe nuclei?

A. Dopamine

B. Epinephrine

C. Norepinephrine

D. Histamine

E. Serotonin

A

E. Serotonin

Dopamine: Located higher up in the brain (Substansia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area)

Histamine: Has its own special place (keeps you awake!)

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2
Q

Where is serotonin made?

A

Raphe Nuclei

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3
Q

An autoimmune response that destroys the neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus is most likely to directly decrease the release of which neurotransmitter?

A. Dopamine

B. Epinephrine

C. Histamine

D. Norepinephrine

E. Serotonin

A

C. Histamine

Tuberomammillary is going to be responsible for creating HISTAMINE!!!

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4
Q

What is the correct order of synthesis of the monoamines derived from tyrosine?

A. Epinephrine –> Norepinephrine –> Dopamine

B. Epinephrine –> Serotonin –> Norephinephrine

C. Histamine –> Serotonin –> Epinephrine

D. Dopamine –> Norepinephrine –> Epinephrine

E. Serotonin –> Epinephrine –> Histamine

A

D.

Adrenergic Neurons will release a little bit of Dopamine and Norepinephrine along with Epinephrine

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5
Q

Neurons which release which neurotransmitter as their primary transmitter are also likely to release measurable quantities of dopamine and norepinephrine?

A. Acetycholine

B. Epinephrine

C. Glutamate

D. Histamine

E. Serotonin

A

B.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q
A
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8
Q

List some general functions for Acetylcholine.

A
  1. Crucial in producing CONSCIOUSNESS, but not AWARENESS (Brain Arousal Mechanisms)
  2. Control of VOLUNTARY motion
  3. Initiation of REM sleep
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9
Q

Which protein will move Acetylcholine into the Vesicles where they are stored? What happens if this protein is damaged?

A

Vesicular Ach Transporter Protein (VAchT)

** If this protein is damaged, you will have a REDUCED ability to fill up the vesicles with Acetylcholine

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10
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for getting rid of Acetylcholine after it is released into the Synaptic Cleft? What is an example of a chemical that will inhibit this enzyme?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

*** Wasp spray (they will seize right before they die due to the excess Ach in their synaptic cleft!)

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11
Q

Describe the characterstics of Muscarinic Receptors.

A
  • 5 Different Subtypes that are all activated by Ach
  • Serpentine Receptor
  • G-Protein Coupled
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12
Q

Differentiate between the various types of Muscarinic Acetycholine Receptors that are located in the brain.

A

M1: Acts through GQ (IP3/DAG) to INCREASE Ca2+ levels in the cell

M4: Presynaptic Autoreceptor and Postsynaptic Receptor located in the STRIATUM of BASAL GANGLIA; Acts through GI to DECREASE cAMP levels (Pathway involved with Voluntary Motion)

M5: Located in the Cerebrovasculature and Dopaminergic Neurons of Basal Ganglia (Important in MOTOR CONTROL); Act through GQ to INCREASE IP3/DAG levels

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13
Q

Where are the Nicotinic Receptors located? Which Neurotransmitter will bind there? What happens if you change the receptor subunit?

A

Location: Neuromuscular Junciton, Autonomic Ganglia, Other parts of the CNS

  • Acetylcholine
  • Changing the subtypes will change the way that the channels BEHAVES! You can cahnge which ions can enter the brain and at which rate they will enter!
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14
Q

What is the preferred ion to enter the Nicotinic Receptors?

A

SODIUM (but some Ca2+ can enter as well)

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

Where is GABA mainly located?

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Cortex
  3. Retina
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17
Q

What is the functional role of GABA?

A
  • MAJOR inhibitory neurotransmitter in the HIGHER CNS
  • Critical for producing consciousness/awareness (Brain AROUSAL Mechanisms)
  • Control of VOLUNTARY motion
18
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for making GABA?

What is the enzyme limited by?

Name a syndrome that can occur if this enzyme is dysfunctional.

A
  • Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD)
  • Limited by Glutamate RE-UPTAKE

*** Stiff-Person Syndrome (people are going to have a difficult time moving their body)

19
Q

Which GABA receptor is the Ionotropic Receptor?

Which ion will enter the cell when GABA binds?

What happens when Benzodiazepines bind with GABA?

A

GABA(a) Receptor: Ionotropic

Allows Chloride into the cell which will cause HYPERPOLARIZATION

Binding of Benzodiazepines will POTENTIATE the chloride conductance (allows MORE Cl- into the cell with the SAME amount of GABA)

20
Q

Which GABA receptor is the Metabotropic Receptor?

Which G-subunits are associated with this receptor?

What happens when GABA binds?

A

GABA (b): Serpentine (1 large protein coded for by 1 gene)

Associated with Gq and Gi

When GABA binds to Gi, you will have a DECREASE in Adenylyl Cyclase and an INCREASE in K+ LEAVING the cell (causes the cell to become MORE HYPERPOLARIZED)

When GABA binds to Gq, you will have an INCREASE in IP3/DAG which will lead to MORE Ca2+ coming into the cell

21
Q

How can General Anestetics work in relation to GABA receptors?

A

A large number of GABA receptors (mostly GABA(a)) have been found at extra-synaptic locations through-out the cortex.

22
Q
A
23
Q

Where is Glycine Located?

A

SPINAL CORD and a little in the Brainstem

24
Q

What is the General Function of Glycine?

A

Mediates many Spinal Inhibitions (Reflexes and their Modification)

25
Q

What does Glycine Bind to?

What is the structure of the receptor?

Which Subunit will Glycine bind to? Which subunit will make up the channel?

Which ion will enter the cell?

What is the name of the anchoring protein for the channel?

Which molecule will BLOCK this channel?!

A

Glycine Receptor: Ionotropic

Pentamer

Glycine binds to a-subunit; Channel is made out of b-subunit

Allows Chloride to ENTER the cell

Andhoring Protein: Gephyrin

Strychnine (aka Rat Poisoning)

26
Q
A
27
Q

List the different neurotransmitters that are in the group of “Peptides”.

A
  1. Tachkinines (Substance P)
  2. Opiods
  3. Somatostatin
  4. CCK
  5. CGRP
28
Q

List the peptides that are in the “Opiod” family.

A
  1. Endorphins (endogenous morphines)
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Dynorphins
  4. Nociceptin
29
Q

Where are the Opioids located?

A
  1. Basal Ganglia
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Parabrachial and Raphe Nuclei

*** These places are related to mood (Pleasure or painful input)

30
Q

List the General Functions of the Opioids.

A
  • Modification of nociceptive inputs (Neurophysiology of Pain)
  • Modification of mood/affect (Limbic System)
31
Q

What are the precursor molecules for the Opioid Family?

A
  1. Proenkephalin (tyr-gly-gly-phe-___)
    - Methionine: Enkephalin
    - Leucine: Enkephalin
  2. Pro-opiomelanocortinin (POMC)
    - B-endorphins
  3. Prodynorphin
    - 3 molecules of leu-enkephalin
    - DYNORPHINS
  4. Orphanin FQ (aka nociceptin)
32
Q

How are the opioids made?

How do we limit their action?

A

Coded and created via DNA/RNA/Protein machinery

Limit their action with enzymes (Re-UPTAKE)

  • Enkephalinase A and B
  • Aminopeptidase
33
Q

What happens when Opioids bind to the mu Receptor?

Which ion will move through the channel?

A
  • Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
  • Respiratory Depression
  • Euphoria (A feeling or state of intense excitement or happiness)

*** Causes K+ to LEAVE the cell and cause HYPERPOLARIZATION

34
Q

What happens when Opioids bind to the kappa Receptor?

Which ion will move through the channel?

A
  • Analgesia (inability to feel pain)
  • Dysphoria (state of unease or generalized dissatisfaction with life)

Causes a DECREASE in Ca2+

35
Q

What happens when Opioids bind to the Delta Receptor?

Which ion goes through the channel?

A

Analgesia (Inability to feel pain)

Leads to a DECREASE in Ca2+

36
Q

What is the OVERALL effect of Opioids on receptors?

A

Serpentine Receptors that INHIBIT Adenylyl Cyclase

37
Q
A
38
Q

Describe the structure of the two Endogenous Endocannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-Arachidonyglycerol).

A
  1. Anandamide (Arachidonic Acid + Ethanolamine)
  2. 2-Arachidonyglycerol (Arachidonic Acid Esterified into the middle #2 position of Glycerol)
39
Q

Where are the Endocannabinoids located?

A
  1. Hippocampus: Memory Formation
  2. Basal Ganglia: Affect/Mood
  3. Spinal Cord: Modulation of Nociception
  4. Neocortex: Neuroprotective
40
Q

Describe the two different receptors that Endocannabinoids will bind to.

A
  1. CB-1 Receptor
    - Found on Neurons in the Brain
    - Gi
    - Reduce neurotransmitter release (probably neuroprotective)
    - EQUAL affinity for Anandamide or 2-AG
  2. CB-2 Receptor
    - Found on microglia in the Brain
    - Involved with the immune system
    - ANTI-INFLAMMATORY!!!

Neuroscience I (Exam 1) (12 decks)

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