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Neuroanatomy > Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

characteristic sign for uncal herniation (shift in brain)

A

unresponsive pupil (to pupillary light reflex)

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2
Q

chemical released by cell (endocrine) that acts on neuron to alter its response to NT

A

neuromodulator (neuropeptides)

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3
Q

two general functions for chemical NT

A

rapid communication and neuromodulation (mediate synaptic transmission and neuronal growth)

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4
Q

most common excitatory NT, most common inhibitory

A

glutamate, GABA

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5
Q

most common NT in PNS at neuromuscular junction; what is most common for ANS?

A

Ach; norepinephrine

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6
Q

dopamine, norepi, epinephrine, serotonin are examples of this NT

A

monoamines

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7
Q

this NT thought to be involved in long term potentiation

A

glutamate

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8
Q

amino acid excitatory NT

A

aspartic acid and glutamic acid

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9
Q

inhibitory amino acid NT

A

GABA and glycine

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10
Q

indoleamine monoamine NT

A

serotonin

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11
Q

substance P, somatostatin, neurotensin, CCK, enkephalins/endoprhins are examples of this kind of NT

A

peptide

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12
Q

these are examples of putative NT

A

endogenous benzodiazepines and prostaglandin

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13
Q

this catalyzes acetylcholine

A

choline acetyltransferase

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14
Q

4 mechanisms for NT regulation of hypothalamic hormones

A

interneurons, direct, presynaptic, portal circulation

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15
Q

Ach functions mainly in neuromodulation…affects these functions

A

attention, memory, learning

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16
Q

major cholinergic pathways

A

pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei, septal nuclei, nucleus basalis of Meynert

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17
Q

major cholinergic pathway involved in arousal and coordinated locomotor activities

A

pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei to intralaminar thalamus

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18
Q

where is pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei cholinergic pathway located (*to intralaminar thalamus*)

A

lateral RF

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19
Q

cholinergic pathway that facilitates hippocampal theta rhythm related to memory

A

septal nuclei

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20
Q

cholinergic septal nuclei project here via fornix

A

hippocampus

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21
Q

where is nucleus basalis of Meynert?

A

substantia innominata

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22
Q

what is input to cholinergic nucleus basalis of Meynert? where does it project?

A

locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex; cerebral cortex

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23
Q

cholinergic pathway that degenerates in Alzheimer’s disease

A

nucleus basalis of Meynert

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24
Q

lesion of central tegmental tract will cause this

A

coma

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25
Q

NT for VPLO hypothalamus

A

GABA

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26
Q

rate limiting step of catecholamine NT synthesis…present in all catecholamine neurons

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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27
Q

all catecholamine NT are synthesized from this

A

tyrosine

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28
Q

septal nuclei projects via fornix to hippocampus/amygdala via this cholinergic pathway

A

diagonal band of broca

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29
Q

catecholamine dopamine can be identified by this marker

A

tyrosine hydroxyalse

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30
Q

this catecholamine is depleted in Parkinsons, increased in schizo.

A

dopamine

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31
Q

two MAJOR sources of dopamine in brain

A

substantia nigra pars compacta and VTA

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32
Q

dopaminergic pathway…SNc projects to striatum; dysfunction in this pathway causes what?

A

nigrostriatal pathway; Parkinson’s

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33
Q

dopaminergic pathway….from VTA to all cortical/subcortical structures of limbic system (*positive symptoms of schizo.*)

A

mesolimbic

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34
Q

where does dopaminergic mesolimbic pathway arise?

A

VTA

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35
Q

this drug blocks dopamine reuptake transporter

A

cocaine

36
Q

these drugs are dopamine-releasing agents, also block reincorporation of dopamine into synaptic vesicles

A

amphetamine and meth

37
Q

this drug attaches to specific excitatory receptors in plasma membrane of neuron

A

nicotine

38
Q

drugs of abuse affect this dopamine pathway

A

VTA to nucleus accumbens

39
Q

dopaminergic mesocortical pathway

A

VTA to prefrontal cortex

40
Q

dopaminergic pathway involved in working memory, motor initiation; deficit produces what?

A

mesocortical pathway; hypokinesia and cognitive deficits (related to Parkinson’s)

41
Q

major sources of serotonin

A

raphe nuclei and pineal gland

42
Q

marker for catecholamine norepinephrine

A

dopamine B-hydroxylase

43
Q

norepi is transmitter for these neurons

A

postgang. sympathetic

44
Q

thalamus is inhibitory or excitatory to thalmus?

A

excitatory

45
Q

these drugs can be used to treat epilepsy, anxiety, sedatives/anesthesia (*GABA agonist*)

A

benzodiazepenes (valium) and barbituates (pentobarbital)

46
Q

two main areas for noradrenergic pathways

A

locus ceruleus and LTA

47
Q

contains largest concentration of epinephrine in CNS (projects to ALL parts CNS)

A

locus ceruleus

48
Q

inputs to noradrenergic locus ceruleus

A

cortex, limbic, RF, raphe nuclei, cerebellum, SC

49
Q

NT from tuberomammillary nucleus

A

histamine

50
Q

noradrenergic pathway/norepi store…significant loss in Alzheimer and Parkinson’s…plays role in *anxiety and panic disorders*

A

locus ceruleus

51
Q

lateral tegmental area projects to hyopthalamus and thalamus via these pathways

A

central tegmental tract and MFB

52
Q

noradrenergic located in medulla and pons…involved in sympathetic BP control (projects to hypothalamus and thalamus)

A

lateral tegmental area

53
Q

marker for serotonin

A

tryptophan hydroxylase

54
Q

plays important role in arousal, sensory perception, emotion, higher recognition…also depression, anxiety, OCD, aggression, eating disorders

A

serotonin

55
Q

serotonin has these effects with low levels; this in high levels

A

depression and insomnia; mania

56
Q

these can increase serotonin levels by blocking reuptake

A

tricyclic antidepressives

57
Q

where do raphe nuclei project from the medulla, pons, and midbrain (serotonergic pathways)

A

spinal cord; cerebellum and SC; diencephalon and telencephalon

58
Q

highest concentration of serotonin in body

A

pineal gland

59
Q

pinealocytes convert serotonin to this

A

melanin

60
Q

what endorphins are derived from

A

pro-opiomelanocortic (precursor to ACTH)

61
Q

endorphins are found almost exclusively in these nuclei of the *hypothalamus*

A

arcuate and mammillary nuclei

62
Q

where do endorphins in hypothalamus project to?

A

hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, septal area, thalamus, locus ceruleus

63
Q

what are enkephalins derived from?

A

proenkephiln

64
Q

most abundant and widely distributed opiod peptide

A

enkephalins

65
Q

where are enkephalins in highest concentration? what circuit systems are they a part of?

A

globus pallidus; striatum and limbic

66
Q

staining for GABA

A

glutamic acid decarboxylase

67
Q

what does GABA coexist with mostly?

A

enkephalin and substance P

68
Q

GABA-ergic neurons from striatal neurons project here

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra

69
Q

GABA-ergic neurons from pallidal and nigral neurons project here

A

thalamus

70
Q

major inhibitory transmitter in SC; what blocks this inhibitory action?

A

glycine; strychnine

71
Q

major excitatory NT in brain

A

glutamate

72
Q

places that use glutamate NT

A

cerebellar granule, corticobulbar, corticospinal, DRG neurons

73
Q

these glutamate receptors may be involved in long-term potentiation in the hippocampus

A

NMDA

74
Q

this plays a role in kindling-induced seizures (and pain transmission of Ad and C fibers)

A

glutamate

75
Q

glutamate is involved in these projections to globus pallidus

A

corticostriate and subthalamic

76
Q

this NT is located in olfactory system, striatum, cortex, hippocampus, supraoptic nucleus and cerebellum

A

nitric oxide

77
Q

ascending pathway of endogenous pain control involves this tract

A

spinoreticular (impulses to PAG)

78
Q

descending raphespinal pathway for pain control

A

PAG-nucleus raphe magnus-serotonin to enkephalinergic interneurons dorsal horn (substantia gelatinosa)

79
Q

this provides direct inhibition of tract cells hat give rise to ascending pain pathway

A

ceruleospinal pathway

80
Q

these are present in Parkin’s disease in substantia nigra

A

Lewy bodies

81
Q

Huntington disease has loss of these neurons in the striatum

A

Ach and GABA-ergic

82
Q

these neurons are degenerated in nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer’s disease

A

cortical and cholinergic neurons

83
Q

Alzheimer’s associated with a massive loss of this on cortex

A

Ach acetyltransferase

84
Q

myasthenia gravis is characterized by antibodies to these

A

nicotinic Ach receptors (causes muscle paresis)

85
Q

Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome is caused by this; what does this cause?

A

presynaptic defect Ach release; limb weakness and autonomic dysfunction

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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