Learning and Memory

Question 1

first evidence of cortical localization of memory…used electrical stimulation to map sensory/motor/language in surgery for epilepsy (*experiential/hallucinations when temporal lobe stimulated*)

Answer 1

Penfield

Question 2

Milner did surgery on H.M and removed this to stop uncontrollable seizures….lost ability to form new long-term memories and short to long term conversion

Answer 2

bilateral medial temporal lobes

Question 3

this memory is easy to form and easy to forget

Answer 3

declarative

Question 4

this memory requires repetition/practice over long periods of time…less likely to be forgotten

Answer 4

implicit/procedural

Question 5

loss of memory and/or ability to learn

Answer 5

amnesia

Question 6

sudden onset of anterograde amnesia for short period time w/ retrograde amnesia for events since event (due to cerebral ischemia, concussion, drugs…temporary blood deprivation)

Answer 6

transient global amnesia

Question 7

physical representation of a memory

Answer 7

engram

Question 8

Lashley’s studies…all the cortical neurons that are activated by an external stimulus (internal representation of an object)…held in short term until activity ends, or until consolidation can occur

Answer 8

cell assemblies

Question 9

this area is the heart for declarative memory…what makes up this area?

Answer 9

medial temporal lobe; hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex

Question 10

output of medial temporal lobe via this

Answer 10

fornix

Question 11

lesion of medial temporal lobe will lose this kind of amnesia

Answer 11

short term (anterograde)

Question 12

these parts of diencephalon is important in memory process

Answer 12

anterior/DM nuclei, mammillary bodies

Question 13

this part of brain stores working memory

Answer 13

prefrontal cortex

Question 14

this part of brain important for habits, motor skills, procedural memory (how to ride a bike for example)

Answer 14

striatum, GP, cerebellum

Question 15

priming is involved with this area of brain

Answer 15

occipital lobe

Question 16

this is damaged in Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 16

DM and mammillary bodies

Question 17

acts as index of memory…pulls different parts (person, sight, smell) of memory from different memory stores

Answer 17

hippocampus

Question 18

hippocampus necessary for this kind of memory…highly processed info stored in memory in a way that ties together all aspects that happened at time memory was stored

Answer 18

relational memory

Question 19

where is long term memory stored?

Answer 19

cortex

Question 20

striatum is necessary for this kind of memory

Answer 20

procedural

Question 21

this structure is very important in remembering *places*

Answer 21

hippocampus

Question 22

Hebb’s hypothesis claimed memory resides in these (studied Aplysia to fing out)

Answer 22

synaptic alterations

Question 23

declarative memory is located in this part of brain

Answer 23

medial temporal lobe

Question 24

this type of declarative memory is used for facts and general knowledge

Answer 24

semantic

Question 25

this type of declarative memory is necessary for people, memories for autobiographical events, etc.

Answer 25

episodic

Question 26

this NT starts a molecular cascade to sensitize a sensory axon by increasing Ca conductance...also binds GPCR (cAMP-PKA-closes K channel-depolarization/more Ca entry, increased NT release)

Answer 26

serotonin

Question 27

Kandel's reserach....learning occurs when this precedes Gprotein coupled activation cAMP

Answer 27

presynaptic Ca pulse

Question 28

according to Kandel's research...memory occurs when this occurs

Answer 28

K channels close and more NT released

Question 29

this is basis for synaptic plasticity and motor learning in cerebellar synaptic plasticity

Answer 29

parallel (input adjusted for correction) and climbing fibers (error signal) on Purkinje

Question 30

if these are active at same time...plasticity will occur (\*marr Albus theory motor learning\*)

Answer 30

parallel fiber synapse and climbing fiber input (on Purkinje)

Question 31

these parts are considered part of episodic memory system (w/o them hippocampus receives no information)

Answer 31

perirhinal, parahippocampal, entorhinal cortex

Question 32

Iso's study...activation of parallel fibers alone will cause this small response..result of postsynaptic response to glutamate release by parallel fibers

Answer 32

long term depression

Question 33

this receptor is implicated in long term depression...when only parallel fibers act on Purkinje (Ito's study)

Answer 33

AMPA glutamate receptor

Question 34

these can complelely block long term depression

Answer 34

Ca chelators

Question 35

these 3 things must occur simultaneously for long term depression to occur

Answer 35

increase Ca (due to climbing fiber input), increase Na (due to AMPA receptor), PKC activation (due to metabotropic glutamate receptor)

Question 36

learning occurs (as result of cerebellar LTD) when this occurs

Answer 36

Ca and Na increase and PKC activated

Question 37

this occurs when AMPA channels are internalized and postsynaptic currents are depressed

Answer 37

memory

Question 38

mammalian systems use these receptors for plasticity

Answer 38

glutamate

Question 39

this must occur at synapses for them to be active at same time postsynaptic CA1 neuron is strongly depolarized...\*in long term potentitation\*

Answer 39

spatial and temporal summation EPSPs

Question 40

these two must coincide for long term potentiation to occur

Answer 40

stimulation Schaffer collaterals and postsynaptic depolarization

Question 41

this enhances memory longterm...binds DNA...more protein synthesis = more second messenger activation and more receptors inserted on membrane

Answer 41

CREB

Question 42

LTP is accompanied by an increase in this

Answer 42

glutamate release

Question 43

LTP and LTD in hippocampus rely on these receptors

Answer 43

NMDA

Question 44

important kinase for long term memory...exposure of catalytic component necessary

Answer 44

CaMKII