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Neuroanatomy > Ch. 30 - Hypothalamus > Flashcards

Ch. 30 - Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Boundaries of the HT

A

Rostral = Lamina terminalis

Superior = hypothalamic sulcus

Lateral = substantia inominata (front) + posterior limb of IC (back)

Medial = Third ventricle

Caudal = Tegmentum and PAG

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2
Q

Medial Preoptic area contains cells that make ______.

A

GnRH

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3
Q

Which HT area is “sexually dimorphic”

A

Medial Preoptic nucleus

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4
Q

The lateral zone contains what fibers?

A

Medial Forebrain Bundle

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5
Q

Nuclei in the HT lateral zone

A
  • Lateral HT nucleus
  • Tuberal Nuclei
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6
Q

Stimulation of the Lateral HT nucleus will result in…

A

Feeding behavior

Lesion causes anorexia

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7
Q

Tuberal nuclei location and function

A

Lateral Zone

  • Sends releasing hormones via tuberoinfundibular tract
  • Sends histaminergic input to CB
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8
Q

Regions of the Medial zone

A

Supraoptic

Tuberal

Mammillary

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9
Q

Tuberal region is located internal to the _____

A

Tuber cinereum

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10
Q

Where in the medial zone is the supraoptic region?

What are the nuclei of the supraoptic region?

A

In the rostral-most portion of the medial zone

  1. Supraoptic
  2. Paraventricular
  3. Suprachiasmatic
  4. Anterior
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11
Q

Function of SON and PVN?

A

contain oxcytocin + ADH

transmit these substances via supraoptico-hypophysial tract for release to the neurohypophysis

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12
Q

Location / Main function of the Anterior nucleus

A

Location = In the supraoptic region

Main function = Body temperature maintenence

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13
Q

Nuclei of the tuberal region

A

Ventromedial

Dorsomedial

Arcuate

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14
Q

Ventromedial nucleus function?

A

Satiety center

If stimulated = no feeding behavior

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15
Q

Location and function of the Dorsomedial nucleus

A

Location = tuberal region

Function = regulation of emotional behavior

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16
Q

Stimulation of dorsomedial nucleus results in…

A

sham rage

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17
Q

Arcuate nucleus function

A

the primary nucleus containing releasing hormones

transmitted via **tuberoinfundibular tract **and Hypophysial portal system

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18
Q

Mammillary region nuclei

A

medial

intermediate

lateral

posterior

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19
Q

Which mammillary nucleus is the target for the fornix? Where are these fibers coming from?

A

Medial mammillary nucleus

Subiculum of the hippocampus

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20
Q

Efferent connection of the medial mammillary nucleus?

A

Mammillothalamic tract

**to the Anterior Nucleus of the Dorsal Thalamus

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21
Q

Neurons of the periventricular zone (***not par_a_ventricular nucleus) project to the __________ via the __________

A

anterior pituitary via the tuberoinfundibular tract

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22
Q

Adopose tissue releases _____, which travels to receptors in the _____ nucleus.

Some of these neurons contain ____ and _____, while others contain ____ and _____

A

Leptin >> receptors in arcuate nucleus

  • aMSH + CART
  • NPY + AgRP
23
Q

Function of aMSH and CART-containing neurons

A

project to LATERAL zone, PVN, and lateral horn of Sp. cord

Increases TSH and ACTH = increased metabolism and Sy tone

Decreased feeding behavior

24
Q

Function of NPY and AgRP

A

Promotes decrease in TSH and ACTH = decreased metabolism and increased feeding behavior

25
Q

Major blood supply to HT

A

perforating arteries of the circle of Willis

(branches of…)

A1 = anteromedial group

P1 = posteromedial group

*posterior group also gets some from thalamoperforating arteries

26
Q

Fornix divisions & projections

A

Precommisural (small) >> Anterior HT region

Postcommissural (*large) >> *Medial Mammillary nucleus

27
Q

MFB connects the…

A

septal nuclei

HT

Midbrain Tegmentum

28
Q

Two projection systems from Amygdala to HT

A
  • Stria Terminalis (older, goes to septal/Preoptic nuclei and Medial zone)
  • Ventral Amygdalofugal pathway (new, passes under lentifurm nucleus and through substantia inominata to go to the septal/Preoptic nuclei and Lateral zone)
29
Q

Mammillary peduncle connections?

A

originates from midbrain reticular formation

terminates in the lateral mammillary nucleus

30
Q

Where do the thalamohypothalamic fibers originate from?

A

Dorsomedial nucleus

31
Q

What is the only cortical HT connection

A

Corticohypothalamic fiber from the prefrontal cortex

32
Q

Two origins for retinohypothalamic fibers?

A
  1. as direct axons from optic chiasm
  2. collaterals of retinogeniculate fibers
33
Q

Major ascending efferent projection from the HT? (include branches and targets)

A

Mammillary fasiculus

(bifurcates into Mammillothalamic and mammillotegmental tracts)

Mammilothalamic = Anterior thalamic nucleus

Mammillotegmental = tegmental nuclei of the midbrain RF

34
Q

What are the other efferent HT ascending projections?

A

Hypothalamo-thalamic fibers (to DM nucleus)

Hypothalamo-amygdaloid fibers (via ST and VAFP)

35
Q

4 main descending HT projections

A

HT-spinal

HT-medullary

Dorsal Longitudinal Fasiculus

Mammillotegmental Tract

36
Q

Hypothalamomedullary origin/target

HT-spinal origin/target

A

Both from PVN nucleus

HM = goes to solitary, dorsal vagal, and ambiguus

HS = terminates on IML neurons

37
Q

DLF origin

A

medial HT zone

38
Q

mammillotegmental tract origin

A

Medial Mammillary nucleus

39
Q

DLF and mammillotegmental tract terminate at the _______

A

PAG

40
Q

major function of DLF and Mammillotegmental?

A

indirect influence of autonomic nuclei

41
Q

OT and ADH are secreted by….

They are stored in…

A

Magnocellular cells in PVN and SO

Stored in Herring bodies

42
Q

Lesion of SO + PVN results in…

A

Diabetes insipidus

43
Q

Tuberoinfundibular tract comes from _______ neurons

A

parvicellular neurons in arcuate nucleus and periventricular zone

44
Q

axons of the T-I tract convey releasing hormones to the

A

median eminence

45
Q

cutoff for classifying micro/macroademonas

A

1 cm

46
Q

IGF1 is considered a ______

A

somatomedin

47
Q

FSH secreting tumors only affect

A

menapausal women – it may shut down cycle

48
Q

Prolactin release is inhibited by…

A

Prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF)

49
Q

activation of the Caudolateral HT produces what kind of behavior?

A

Anxiety-related

  1. increased Sympathetics
  2. increased aggression
  3. increased hunger
  4. increased Body Temperature
50
Q

Stimulation of the Rostromedial HT produces what kind of behavior?

A

Contentment

  1. Increased Parasympathetic
  2. Increased Passiveness
  3. Increased Satiety
  4. Reduced Temperature
    5.
51
Q

Explain Biofeedback

A

Some people are able to alter blood pressure/body temperature through neural mechanisms that haven’t been elucidated.

52
Q

In the baroreceptor reflex, the solutary nucleus transmits to the ___________ nuclei

A

PVN, DM, and Lateral HT nuclei

These project back down to the dorsal vagal nuclei in the medulla

53
Q

In the temperature regulation reflex, an increase in temperature will stimulate the __________ nucleus, responsible for heat dissipation

What part is responsible for heat conservation?

A

Rostral HT dissipates

Caudal HT is responsible for:

  • heat conservation (via vasoconstriction)
  • heat production (via shivering)
54
Q

The water balance reflex is said to be _____.

Basic mechanism

A

neurohumoral

Osm is monitored by Anterior HT (near preoptic and PVN)

Output from these receptors influences ADH release

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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