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Neuroanatomy > Cortex > Flashcards

Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is major input to prefrontal cortex?

A

mediodorsal thalamus

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2
Q

characterized by layers, pattern of distribution of cell bodies in cortex

A

cytoarchitecture

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3
Q

emotion conveyed by tone of voice; what hemisphere is this located?

A

prosody; right

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4
Q

what functions are typically associated with left hemisphere?

A

language, praxis, arithmetic (calculating/analytical) and musical ability (analytical skills), sense of direction (following directions)

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5
Q

what functions are typically associated with right hemisphere?

A

prosody, spatial attention, arithmetic (line up columns of numbers), musical ability (untrained), sense of direction (sense of spatial orientation)

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6
Q

what results as lesion of non-dominant hemisphere?

A

hemineglect

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7
Q

part of allocortex…afferents from septal areas, first in evolution; what makes up this?

A

archicortex; hippocampus and limbic cortex

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8
Q

part of allocortex…makes up 3-5 layers, afferents from olfactory areas (basal olfactory structures, entorhinal, periamygdaloid areas)

A

paleocortex

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9
Q

these were two pioneering doctors in split brian research

A

Sperry and Gazzaniga

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10
Q

which hemisphere acts as interpreter (tries to make sense of what it’s seeing)

A

left

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11
Q

what is lesion in Gerstmann syndrome? what blood vessels is commonly involved?

A

dominant parietal lobe; PCA

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12
Q

right/left confusion, finger agnosia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, R hemianopia (unrelated, but optic radiations commonly affected)

A

Gerstmann syndrome

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13
Q

these make up the internal granular layer; what does it receive projections from?

A

spiny and smooth stellate neurons; VPL and VPM, LGN (only in striate)

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14
Q

what fibers come from internal pyramidal layer? what cells are located in this area?

A

corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticostriatal fibers; Betz cells

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15
Q

multiform layer is major source of these fibers

A

corticothalamic

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16
Q

horizontal myelinated fiber bundles in lamina IV and V make these

A

bands of Baillarger

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17
Q

what are general symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome?

A

agraphia, acalculia, r/l disorientation, finger agnosia

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18
Q

what hemisphere is typically in involved in prosopagnosia?

A

right

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19
Q

this fiber bundle is affected if can’t communicate between Wernicke’s and Broca’s

A

arcuate fasicuclus (SLF)

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20
Q

basically word blindness…write but not read (language areas cut off from visual input)

A

alexia (w/o agraphia)

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21
Q

blood vessel involved in alexia w/o agraphia

A

PCA

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22
Q

three domains involved in frontal lobe function

A

restraint, initiative, order

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23
Q

prefrontal lesion….apathy, lifeless, abulic state; no personality, lack initiative, no focus

A

dorsolateral lesion

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24
Q

prefrontal lesion (common in criminals)…impulsive, emotionally disinhibited, poor judgement/irritability/euphoria

A

orbitofrontal lesion

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25
Q

prefrontal lesion…depression life symptoms

A

left frontal

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26
Q

prefrontal lesion….associated with mania

A

right frontal

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27
Q

these are frontal release signs that are normally suppressed in development

A

suckling and grasp reflex

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28
Q

thalamocortical inputs to frontal lobe

A

dorsomedial and anterior nuclei

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29
Q

thalamocortical inputs to primary somatosensory cortex (3,1,2)

A

VPL/VPM

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30
Q

thalamocortical inputs to occipital and temporal lobes (17-22, 36-38, 41, 42)

A

pulvinar

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31
Q

thalamocortical inputs to primary visual cortex (area 17)

A

LGN

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32
Q

thalamocortical inputs to primary auditory cortex (41, 42)

A

MGN

33
Q

thalamocortical inputs to limbic lobe (area 23-31, 33-35)

A

anterior nucleus

34
Q

unimodal association cortex for visual association located in what areas?

A

18, 19, 20, 21, 37 (visual association cortex)

35
Q

unimodal association cortex for somatosensory located in what area?

A

5

36
Q

unimodal association cortex for auditory association located in what area?

A

22

37
Q

unimodal association cortex for premotor and supplementary motor located in what area?

A

6

38
Q

unimodal association cortex for frontal eye fields located in what area?

A

8

39
Q

association cortexes that are multimodal

A

prefrontal, parietal, and temporal

40
Q

out layer of horizontal myelinated fiber bundles in lamina IV and V in primary visual cortex

A

stria of Gennari

41
Q

what are output cells of cortex? what layers are these located in?

A

pyramidal cells; II, III, V

42
Q

NT for pyramidal cells

A

glutamate

43
Q

giant cells of Betz are located exclusively in this area

A

motor cortex

44
Q

are stellate cells (*layer 4*) excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

45
Q

these make up the local circuit of interneurons with pyramidal cells

A

stellate, basket, Retzius-cajal cells and cells of Matinotti

46
Q

SLF bundle connects these structures

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

47
Q

arcuate bundle connects these structures

A

frontal and temporal

48
Q

inferior occipito-frontal fasciculus bundle connects these structures

A

occipital and frontal

49
Q

uncinate fasciculus connects these structures

A

frontal and temporal

50
Q

cingulum bundle connects these structures

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

51
Q

arcuate loop connects these structures

A

adjacent gyri

52
Q

thalamus projects primarily to this layer

A

IV

53
Q

efferent fibers of pyramidal axons typically come from these layers

A

V and VI

54
Q

primary sensory cortex is granular or agranular? what layer of sensory cortex is thickest?

A

granular; layer IV

55
Q

primary motor cortex is granular or agranular? what layer of motor cortex is thickest?

A

agranular; layer V

56
Q

these are multimodal association cortices

A

prefrontal, parietal and temporal association cortex

57
Q

this determines cerebral dominance

A

Wada test

58
Q

lesion to these areas will produce Broca’s aphasia (expressive); what blood vessel may be implicated?

A

44, 45; MCA (could also see contra motor)

59
Q

blood vessel and additional structure that are compromised in Wernicke’s aphasia

A

MCA and possibly Meyer’s loop

60
Q

characterized by alexia, agraphia, word salad (no fluent speech), *unaware of disability*

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

61
Q

this is interrupted in conduction aphasia; what does this structure connect?

A

uncinate fasciculus; Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

62
Q

what is blood vessel involved in global aphasia (Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

A

ICA or MCA (M1)

63
Q

lesion here will cause alexia without agraphia; what blood vessel is involved usually?

A

dominant occipital cortex; PCA

64
Q

what is prevented in dominant occipital cortex lesion (alexia without agraphia)? what does this cause?

A

processing visual info from R hemifield; R hemianopia

65
Q

lesion here causes alexia WITH agraphia

A

inferior parietal lobe

66
Q

what are symptoms of Gerstmann’s syndrome? what part of cortex is affected?

A

agraphia, acalculia, R/L disorientation, finger agnosia; inferior parietal lobule/angular gyrus

67
Q

nondominant hemisphere is responsible for this

A

attention and visual-spatial gestalt

68
Q

lesion of nondominant hemisphere will result in this in regards to attention

A

contralateral hemineglect

69
Q

inability to recognized left side of body (lesion of nondom hemisphere)

A

asomatognosia

70
Q

inability to negotiate familiar surroundings (lesion of nondom hemisphere)

A

topographic memory loss

71
Q

lesion of dom or nondom hemisphere will cause loss of affect…cant appreciate humor

A

nondominant

72
Q

this comprises 1/3 of cerebral cortex

A

frontal lobes

73
Q

area for premotor cortex; postural adjustment for skilled movement (FEF also located here)

A

6

74
Q

located on medial surface in front of primary motor area….*micturition center*

A

supplementary motor center

75
Q

these make up motor areas of frontal lobe

A

primary motor, premotor, supplementary motor, limbic lobe, prefrontal cortex

76
Q

this responsible for integration of multimodal sensory, motor, limbic information (*heteromodal association cortex*)

A

prefrontal cortex

77
Q

functions of frontal lobes

A

restraint, initiative, order

78
Q

this allows for shifting of attention, adaptability, see options, ‘go with the flow’

A

cingulate gyrus

79
Q

problems with this causes addictive behavior, obsessions/compulsions, argumentative, worrying, OCD, eating disorder

A

cingulate gyrus

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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