Bridges Descending Motor

Question 1

positive signs of lesion of corticospinal tract

Answer 1

Babinski sign, hyperreflexia

Question 2

negative signs for lesion of corticospinal tract

Answer 2

Loss independent movements, hemiparesis, decreased superficial reflexes

Question 3

Brodmann areas for premotor cortex

Answer 3

6/8

Question 4

Brodmann area for primary motor cortex

Answer 4

4

Question 5

Brodmann area for somatosensory cortex

Answer 5

3/1/2

Question 6

Brodmann area for posterior parietal cortex

Answer 6

5/7

Question 7

primary motor cortex sends projections to this major structure in brainstem via corticospinal tract

Answer 7

red nucleus

Question 8

pyramidal cells of cortical layer V; UMN of primary motor cortex

Answer 8

Betz cells

Question 9

areas involved in planning and programming movement

Answer 9

supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex

Question 10

lesions of supplementary motor cortex will cause what?

Answer 10

difficult in reaching and bimanual coordination

Question 11

primary input for premotor cortex; provides info on orientation of the body in space

Answer 11

posterior parietal cortex

Question 12

plays role in controlling proximal and axial muscles, orienting body and arms to target

Answer 12

premotor cortex

Question 13

neuron types in premotor cortex

Answer 13

context-dependent, mirror, canonical, set-related

Question 14

neurons in premotor cortex that depends on type of movement and the context (reach to grasp, but not reach to push away)

Answer 14

context-dependent

Question 15

neurons in premotor cortex that fire when you perform a task and also when you see someone else perform it

Answer 15

mirror

Question 16

neurons in premotor cortex that are activated when you see object that can be grasped (brain foreseeing possible interaction w/ object and preparing itself)

Answer 16

canonical

Question 17

neurons in premotor cortex that create internal representation of an action

Answer 17

mirror and canonical

Question 18

neurons in premotor cortex that activate when preparing to make a particular movement (preparatory)

Answer 18

set-related

Question 19

projections of posterior parietal cortex

Answer 19

premotor area, supplementary; motor area, cerebellum

Question 20

encodes spatial coordinates for coordinated movements (w/in spatio-temporal domain); identifies target in space an in relation to body

Answer 20

posterior parietal cortex

Question 21

sensory inputs to posterior parietal cortex

Answer 21

visual and proprioceptive pathways

Question 22

in lesion of PPC…will have hemineglect of ipsilateral or contralateral body/field?

Answer 22

contralateral

Question 23

compares central commands from primary motor cortex to actual movements that result (then makes the necessary corrections)

Answer 23

cerebellum

Question 24

required for adapting predictive/feedforward control programs from one movement to next

Answer 24

cerebellum

Question 25

allows cerebellum to undergo feedforward control programs from one movement to next

Answer 25

error-dependent learning mechanism

Question 26

functional cerebellum involved in execution, feedback adjustments

Answer 26

spinocerebellum

Question 27

three functional divisions of cerebellum

Answer 27

vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

Question 28

functional division of cerebellum involved in motor learning, planning movement, evaluating sensory info for action (\*lateral parts cerebellar hemispheres\*)

Answer 28

cerebrocerebellum

Question 29

ipsilateral or contralateral cerebral cortex has input into cerebrocerebellum?

Answer 29

contralateral

Question 30

where does the output of cerebrocerebellum go? this output travels via what?

Answer 30

contralateral motor/premotor areas, parietal lobe; dentate nucleus and thalamus

Question 31

dentate nucleus and premotor cortex project here; how does this structure/layer project back to the cerebellum?

Answer 31

parvocellular of red nucleus; inferior olive

Question 32

5 types of neurons in cerebellum; which one is excitatory?

Answer 32

stellate, basket, purkinje, golgi, granule; granule

Question 33

represent output of cerebellum; where does this input travel to initially?

Answer 33

purkinje cell axons; deep nuclei, lateral vestibular nuclei

Question 34

fibers that provide most input to cerebellar cortex; what do these fibers activate?

Answer 34

mossy; granule cell interneurons

Question 35

stimulation of these will cause single spikes spikes in the Purkinje cell response

Answer 35

mossy fibers

Question 36

where do climbing fibers originate (second group of input fibers to cerebellar cortex); do these fibers make excitatory or inhibitory synapse with Purkinje cell?

Answer 36

contralateral inferior olivary nucleus; excitatory

Question 37

give rise to parallel fibers in cerebellar cortex

Answer 37

granule cells

Question 38

if this is damaged, learning motor skills will be impaired

Answer 38

inferior olivary nucleus

Question 39

these may create "error signal" that modulates responsiveness of Purkinje cells to input from mossy fibers (in motor learning)

Answer 39

climbing fibers

Question 40

inputs of inferior olivary nucleus

Answer 40

proprioceptors, motor cortex, motor center brainstem, RNp

Question 41

ataxia caused by antibodies developed against a tumor that also attack cells in the brain (\*specifically the cerebellum\*); what is an example of an antibody that can cause this?

Answer 41

paraneoplastic syndrome; Yo antibody

Question 42

additional symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome (in addition to ataxia affecting trunk and limbs)

Answer 42

dysarthria, oculomotor nystagmus

Question 43

loss of muscle coordination; broad, irregular, staggering gait; intention tremor, nystagmus, irregular speech

Answer 43

cerebellar ataxia

Question 44

sensory ataxia can occur in this condition (loss of afferent proprioceptive input)

Answer 44

Tabes dorsalis

Question 45

cerebellar hemisphere involved in ipsilateral or contralateral half of body?

Answer 45

ipsilateral

Question 46

most common cause of damage to flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

Answer 46

medulloblastoma (in roof 4th ventricle)

Question 47

damage of this part of cerebellum will cause vestibulocerebellar impairment

Answer 47

flocculonodular lobe

Question 48

what is damaged?....loss control stable eye/trunk position, falling over while standing, staggering gait (drunken sailor's gait), normal movement when trunk supported, nystagmus

Answer 48

vestibulocerebellar system

Question 49

projects via fastigial nuclei to brain areas giving rise to medial reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

Answer 49

vermis

Question 50

alcohol-induced cerebellar degeneration is usually limited to this area; what area of the body is mostly affected?

Answer 50

anterior vermis; legs

Question 51

lack of coordination/ataxia of leg movements...even when trunk is supported

Answer 51

anterior lobe syndrome

Question 52

damage to nucleus interpositus causes what?

Answer 52

dysmetria, intention tremor, poor coordination, pendular reflexes

Question 53

limb oscillates at end of a tendon reflex

Answer 53

pendular reflex

Question 54

what part of red nucleus does the rubrospinal tract originate?

Answer 54

magnocellular

Question 55

integrates info from vestibular nuclei and cerebral cortex (important in maintenance of posture)

Answer 55

reticulospinal tract

Question 56

originates in SC...coordinates head and neck movements (reflex or turning head in response to visual and other stimuli)

Answer 56

tectospinal tract

Question 57

ways motor cortex can act on motor neurons \*indirectly\* (via these structures)

Answer 57

SC, red nucleus, RF

Question 58

where do 60% of LCS fibers originate? where do the remainder come from?

Answer 58

precentral cortex (areas 4 and 6); parietal lobe (3, 1, 2 and somatosensory)

Question 59

the majority of LCS fibers terminate directly on what? where do the remainder terminate?

Answer 59

alpha motor neurons; interneurons (that relay sensory to motor)

Question 60

is major descending pathway from brain stem UMN medial or lateral?

Answer 60

medial (for axial and proximal muscles)

Question 61

is major descending pathway from cerebral cortex UMN medial or lateral?

Answer 61

lateral (for distal muscles/digits)

Question 62

what are UMN of primary motor cortex (pyramidal cells)?

Answer 62

Betz cells (layer V)

Question 63

what makes up supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 63

medial area 6, area 8, FEF

Question 64

what makes up premotor cortex?

Answer 64

lateral area 6

Question 65

what areas are associated with posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 65

5 and 7

Question 66

this model allows your to combine sensory inputs with past experiences to predict an appropriate output; what two major structures/areas are involved in this?

Answer 66

feed forward; PPC and cerebellum

Question 67

what is involved in movement preparation (feeling of an urge to move)? what is involved in motor prediction/selection (conscious intentions to move)?

Answer 67

SMA; PPC

Question 68

divides flocculonodular lobe from corpus cerebelli

Answer 68

posterolateral fissure

Question 69

divides the corpus cerebelli into anterior and posterior lobes

Answer 69

primary fissure

Question 70

this regulates balance and eye movements...covers same region as anatomical flocculonodular lobe

Answer 70

vestibulocerebellum

Question 71

what is output of vestibulocerebellum?

Answer 71

medial systems (via lat vestibular nucleus and vestibulospinal tract)

Question 72

this regulates body and limb movements...includes vermis and paravermis regions of cerebellum (\*concerned with execution of movements and feedback adjustments\*)

Answer 72

spinocerebellum

Question 73

what are two major inputs to spinocerebellum?

Answer 73

spinal cord and V

Question 74

what is output of vermis (spinocerebellum)? occurs via what?

Answer 74

medial system; fastigial nucleus

Question 75

what is output of paravermis (spinocerebellum)? this occurs via what cerebellar structure?

Answer 75

lateral systems (magnocellular red nucleus and motor cortex); interposed nucleus

Question 76

what part of red nucleus does dentate project to? how does this then feedback to cerebellum?

Answer 76

parvocellular; ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus

Question 77

what does fastigial nucleus project to axial body regions via?

Answer 77

vestibular nuclei and pontine RF

Question 78

what makes up interposed nucleus?

Answer 78

Globose and emboliform

Question 79

this projects via thalamus to motor, premotor cerebral cortex, and parvocellular red nucleus

Answer 79

dentate

Question 80

medial systems that spinocerebellum (via vermis/fastigial) projects to

Answer 80

vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, ventral corticospinal

Question 81

what lateral systems does spinocerebellum (via paravermis/interposed nucleus) project to?

Answer 81

rubrospinal and corticospinal

Question 82

what makes up outermost, molecular layer of cerebellar cortex?

Answer 82

axons granule cells (parallel fibers)

Question 83

what makes up middle cell layer of cerebellar cortex?

Answer 83

Purkinje cells (GABA-ergic)

Question 84

bulbous terminal expansions of afferent mossy fibers

Answer 84

cerebellar glomeruli

Question 85

make up inner granular layer of cerebellar cortex

Answer 85

granule cells and cerebellar glomeruli

Question 86

what is NT for granule cells?

Answer 86

glutamate

Question 87

inhibitory output within cortex to granule cells (GABA transmitter)

Answer 87

golgi cells

Question 88

where does monoaminergic input to cerebellar cortex originate (regulate excitability of cerebellar cortical neurons)?

Answer 88

locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei

Question 89

modifies response of Purkinje cell to mossy fiber input (learning)...\*error signal\*

Answer 89

climbing fiber

Question 90

what are inputs to inferior olivary nucleus?

Answer 90

proprioceptors, motor cortex, motor centers in brain stem

Question 91

lesions of this cause minor motor deficits (unless wide spread)...have to think about all the motions

Answer 91

cerebrocerebellum

Question 92

widespread damage to cerebrocerebellum (ipsilateral decomposition of movement, dysmetria, delays in initiation, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, hypotonia)

Answer 92

neocerebellar syndrome

Question 93

major sign of neocerebellar syndrome...disturbance of synergy, temporal coordination, and spatial coordination (muscles are used one at a time)

Answer 93

decomposition of movement

Question 94

inability to stop a movement at the appropriate time or to direct it in the appropriate direction (over or undershoot)

Answer 94

dysmetria

Question 95

seen at end of movement (in neocerebellar syndrome)...entire movement carried out by sequence of motor commands, each directing movement closer to target

Answer 95

intention tremor

Question 96

irregular pattern of movement seen when performing rapid, alternating movements

Answer 96

dysdiadochokinesia