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Neuroanatomy > Bridges Descending Motor > Flashcards

Bridges Descending Motor Flashcards

1
Q

positive signs of lesion of corticospinal tract

A

Babinski sign, hyperreflexia

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2
Q

negative signs for lesion of corticospinal tract

A

Loss independent movements, hemiparesis, decreased superficial reflexes

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3
Q

Brodmann areas for premotor cortex

A

6/8

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4
Q

Brodmann area for primary motor cortex

A

4

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5
Q

Brodmann area for somatosensory cortex

A

3/1/2

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6
Q

Brodmann area for posterior parietal cortex

A

5/7

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7
Q

primary motor cortex sends projections to this major structure in brainstem via corticospinal tract

A

red nucleus

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8
Q

pyramidal cells of cortical layer V; UMN of primary motor cortex

A

Betz cells

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9
Q

areas involved in planning and programming movement

A

supplementary motor cortex, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex

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10
Q

lesions of supplementary motor cortex will cause what?

A

difficult in reaching and bimanual coordination

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11
Q

primary input for premotor cortex; provides info on orientation of the body in space

A

posterior parietal cortex

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12
Q

plays role in controlling proximal and axial muscles, orienting body and arms to target

A

premotor cortex

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13
Q

neuron types in premotor cortex

A

context-dependent, mirror, canonical, set-related

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14
Q

neurons in premotor cortex that depends on type of movement and the context (reach to grasp, but not reach to push away)

A

context-dependent

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15
Q

neurons in premotor cortex that fire when you perform a task and also when you see someone else perform it

A

mirror

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16
Q

neurons in premotor cortex that are activated when you see object that can be grasped (brain foreseeing possible interaction w/ object and preparing itself)

A

canonical

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17
Q

neurons in premotor cortex that create internal representation of an action

A

mirror and canonical

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18
Q

neurons in premotor cortex that activate when preparing to make a particular movement (preparatory)

A

set-related

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19
Q

projections of posterior parietal cortex

A

premotor area, supplementary; motor area, cerebellum

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20
Q

encodes spatial coordinates for coordinated movements (w/in spatio-temporal domain); identifies target in space an in relation to body

A

posterior parietal cortex

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21
Q

sensory inputs to posterior parietal cortex

A

visual and proprioceptive pathways

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22
Q

in lesion of PPC…will have hemineglect of ipsilateral or contralateral body/field?

A

contralateral

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23
Q

compares central commands from primary motor cortex to actual movements that result (then makes the necessary corrections)

A

cerebellum

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24
Q

required for adapting predictive/feedforward control programs from one movement to next

A

cerebellum

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25
Q

allows cerebellum to undergo feedforward control programs from one movement to next

A

error-dependent learning mechanism

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26
Q

functional cerebellum involved in execution, feedback adjustments

A

spinocerebellum

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27
Q

three functional divisions of cerebellum

A

vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

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28
Q

functional division of cerebellum involved in motor learning, planning movement, evaluating sensory info for action (*lateral parts cerebellar hemispheres*)

A

cerebrocerebellum

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29
Q

ipsilateral or contralateral cerebral cortex has input into cerebrocerebellum?

A

contralateral

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30
Q

where does the output of cerebrocerebellum go? this output travels via what?

A

contralateral motor/premotor areas, parietal lobe; dentate nucleus and thalamus

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31
Q

dentate nucleus and premotor cortex project here; how does this structure/layer project back to the cerebellum?

A

parvocellular of red nucleus; inferior olive

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32
Q

5 types of neurons in cerebellum; which one is excitatory?

A

stellate, basket, purkinje, golgi, granule; granule

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33
Q

represent output of cerebellum; where does this input travel to initially?

A

purkinje cell axons; deep nuclei, lateral vestibular nuclei

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34
Q

fibers that provide most input to cerebellar cortex; what do these fibers activate?

A

mossy; granule cell interneurons

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35
Q

stimulation of these will cause single spikes spikes in the Purkinje cell response

A

mossy fibers

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36
Q

where do climbing fibers originate (second group of input fibers to cerebellar cortex); do these fibers make excitatory or inhibitory synapse with Purkinje cell?

A

contralateral inferior olivary nucleus; excitatory

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37
Q

give rise to parallel fibers in cerebellar cortex

A

granule cells

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38
Q

if this is damaged, learning motor skills will be impaired

A

inferior olivary nucleus

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39
Q

these may create “error signal” that modulates responsiveness of Purkinje cells to input from mossy fibers (in motor learning)

A

climbing fibers

40
Q

inputs of inferior olivary nucleus

A

proprioceptors, motor cortex, motor center brainstem, RNp

41
Q

ataxia caused by antibodies developed against a tumor that also attack cells in the brain (*specifically the cerebellum*); what is an example of an antibody that can cause this?

A

paraneoplastic syndrome; Yo antibody

42
Q

additional symptoms of paraneoplastic syndrome (in addition to ataxia affecting trunk and limbs)

A

dysarthria, oculomotor nystagmus

43
Q

loss of muscle coordination; broad, irregular, staggering gait; intention tremor, nystagmus, irregular speech

A

cerebellar ataxia

44
Q

sensory ataxia can occur in this condition (loss of afferent proprioceptive input)

A

Tabes dorsalis

45
Q

cerebellar hemisphere involved in ipsilateral or contralateral half of body?

A

ipsilateral

46
Q

most common cause of damage to flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

A

medulloblastoma (in roof 4th ventricle)

47
Q

damage of this part of cerebellum will cause vestibulocerebellar impairment

A

flocculonodular lobe

48
Q

what is damaged?….loss control stable eye/trunk position, falling over while standing, staggering gait (drunken sailor’s gait), normal movement when trunk supported, nystagmus

A

vestibulocerebellar system

49
Q

projects via fastigial nuclei to brain areas giving rise to medial reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

A

vermis

50
Q

alcohol-induced cerebellar degeneration is usually limited to this area; what area of the body is mostly affected?

A

anterior vermis; legs

51
Q

lack of coordination/ataxia of leg movements…even when trunk is supported

A

anterior lobe syndrome

52
Q

damage to nucleus interpositus causes what?

A

dysmetria, intention tremor, poor coordination, pendular reflexes

53
Q

limb oscillates at end of a tendon reflex

A

pendular reflex

54
Q

what part of red nucleus does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

magnocellular

55
Q

integrates info from vestibular nuclei and cerebral cortex (important in maintenance of posture)

A

reticulospinal tract

56
Q

originates in SC…coordinates head and neck movements (reflex or turning head in response to visual and other stimuli)

A

tectospinal tract

57
Q

ways motor cortex can act on motor neurons *indirectly* (via these structures)

A

SC, red nucleus, RF

58
Q

where do 60% of LCS fibers originate? where do the remainder come from?

A

precentral cortex (areas 4 and 6); parietal lobe (3, 1, 2 and somatosensory)

59
Q

the majority of LCS fibers terminate directly on what? where do the remainder terminate?

A

alpha motor neurons; interneurons (that relay sensory to motor)

60
Q

is major descending pathway from brain stem UMN medial or lateral?

A

medial (for axial and proximal muscles)

61
Q

is major descending pathway from cerebral cortex UMN medial or lateral?

A

lateral (for distal muscles/digits)

62
Q

what are UMN of primary motor cortex (pyramidal cells)?

A

Betz cells (layer V)

63
Q

what makes up supplementary motor cortex?

A

medial area 6, area 8, FEF

64
Q

what makes up premotor cortex?

A

lateral area 6

65
Q

what areas are associated with posterior parietal cortex?

A

5 and 7

66
Q

this model allows your to combine sensory inputs with past experiences to predict an appropriate output; what two major structures/areas are involved in this?

A

feed forward; PPC and cerebellum

67
Q

what is involved in movement preparation (feeling of an urge to move)? what is involved in motor prediction/selection (conscious intentions to move)?

A

SMA; PPC

68
Q

divides flocculonodular lobe from corpus cerebelli

A

posterolateral fissure

69
Q

divides the corpus cerebelli into anterior and posterior lobes

A

primary fissure

70
Q

this regulates balance and eye movements…covers same region as anatomical flocculonodular lobe

A

vestibulocerebellum

71
Q

what is output of vestibulocerebellum?

A

medial systems (via lat vestibular nucleus and vestibulospinal tract)

72
Q

this regulates body and limb movements…includes vermis and paravermis regions of cerebellum (*concerned with execution of movements and feedback adjustments*)

A

spinocerebellum

73
Q

what are two major inputs to spinocerebellum?

A

spinal cord and V

74
Q

what is output of vermis (spinocerebellum)? occurs via what?

A

medial system; fastigial nucleus

75
Q

what is output of paravermis (spinocerebellum)? this occurs via what cerebellar structure?

A

lateral systems (magnocellular red nucleus and motor cortex); interposed nucleus

76
Q

what part of red nucleus does dentate project to? how does this then feedback to cerebellum?

A

parvocellular; ipsilateral inferior olivary nucleus

77
Q

what does fastigial nucleus project to axial body regions via?

A

vestibular nuclei and pontine RF

78
Q

what makes up interposed nucleus?

A

Globose and emboliform

79
Q

this projects via thalamus to motor, premotor cerebral cortex, and parvocellular red nucleus

A

dentate

80
Q

medial systems that spinocerebellum (via vermis/fastigial) projects to

A

vestibulospinal, reticulospinal, ventral corticospinal

81
Q

what lateral systems does spinocerebellum (via paravermis/interposed nucleus) project to?

A

rubrospinal and corticospinal

82
Q

what makes up outermost, molecular layer of cerebellar cortex?

A

axons granule cells (parallel fibers)

83
Q

what makes up middle cell layer of cerebellar cortex?

A

Purkinje cells (GABA-ergic)

84
Q

bulbous terminal expansions of afferent mossy fibers

A

cerebellar glomeruli

85
Q

make up inner granular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

granule cells and cerebellar glomeruli

86
Q

what is NT for granule cells?

A

glutamate

87
Q

inhibitory output within cortex to granule cells (GABA transmitter)

A

golgi cells

88
Q

where does monoaminergic input to cerebellar cortex originate (regulate excitability of cerebellar cortical neurons)?

A

locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei

89
Q

modifies response of Purkinje cell to mossy fiber input (learning)…*error signal*

A

climbing fiber

90
Q

what are inputs to inferior olivary nucleus?

A

proprioceptors, motor cortex, motor centers in brain stem

91
Q

lesions of this cause minor motor deficits (unless wide spread)…have to think about all the motions

A

cerebrocerebellum

92
Q

widespread damage to cerebrocerebellum (ipsilateral decomposition of movement, dysmetria, delays in initiation, intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, hypotonia)

A

neocerebellar syndrome

93
Q

major sign of neocerebellar syndrome…disturbance of synergy, temporal coordination, and spatial coordination (muscles are used one at a time)

A

decomposition of movement

94
Q

inability to stop a movement at the appropriate time or to direct it in the appropriate direction (over or undershoot)

A

dysmetria

95
Q

seen at end of movement (in neocerebellar syndrome)…entire movement carried out by sequence of motor commands, each directing movement closer to target

A

intention tremor

96
Q

irregular pattern of movement seen when performing rapid, alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

Neuroanatomy (10 decks)

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