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Brain Bee > Neurotramsitters > Flashcards

Neurotramsitters Flashcards

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1
Q

Acetylochline was first identified

A

75 years ago

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2
Q

This chemical is released by neurons connected to voluntary muscles causing them

A

To contract

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3
Q

ACh is formed at the what

A

axon terminals

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4
Q

How is ACh formed at the action terminals

A

When an action potential arrives at the nerve terminal, the electrically charged calcium ion rushes in and ACh is released ito the synapse

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5
Q

On voluntary muscles, this opens the sodium channels and causes

A

The musces to contrat

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6
Q

What is ACh then broken down by the enzyme

A

acetlocholinsesterase and resynthesized in the nerve terminal

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7
Q

Antibodies that block one type of receptor for ACh cause what

A

nyasthenia gravis a disease characterized by fatigue and muscle wekness

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8
Q

Recent discoveries suggest that

A

It may eb critical for normal attentian, membory and sleep

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9
Q

Amino acids

A

Amino acids widely distributed throughout the body and bain serve as the building blocks of proteins. Certain amino acids can also serve a neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What two neurotransmitters inhibit the firing of neurons

A

Glycine and gamma aminobutric

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11
Q

What is Glycine and Gamma aminobutryic acid also known as

A

GABA

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12
Q

the Activity of GABA is increased by

A

benzodiazepines and by anticonvulsant drugs

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13
Q

When dioes Huntington’s disease begin

A

Midlife

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14
Q

During Huntington’s disease what does GABA producing neurons coordinate

A

movement degenerate, causing uncontrollable movements

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15
Q

What do Glutamate and asparate act as

A

excitatory signlas, activating N-methyl-d-asparate NMDA receptors which have been implicated in activities ranging from learning and memory to development and specification of nerve contacts in a developing animal

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16
Q

the stumulation of NMDA receptors may promote beneficial changes in the brain wherease overstimulation can cause what

A

nerve cell damage or celld eath in trauma and stroke

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17
Q

Dopamine and norepinephrine are present where

A

in the rbain and the peripheral nervous system

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18
Q

the Dopamine circuit that regulates movement has been directly linked to

A

disease

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19
Q

Due to Dopamine deficits in the rbain, people wiht Parkinson’s disease show what symtoms

A

muscle tremores, rigidity and difficulty in moving

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20
Q

Parkinson’s patients can walk and do other things just by administering what

A

Levodopa which is a substance form which dopamine is synthesized

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21
Q

Another dopamine circuit is thought to be important forcognition and emotion abnormaities in this system have been implicated in schizophrenia

A
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22
Q

Because drugs that block certain dopamine receptors in the brain are helpul in diminishing psycotic symptoms, learning more about dopamine is

A

important to understand mental illness

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23
Q

In a third circuit, dopamine regulates the _system

A

The endocrine system

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24
Q

How does Dopamine regulate the endocrine system

A

It directs the hypothalamus to manufacture hormones and hold them in the pituary gland for release into the bloodstream of to trigger the release of hormones held within cells in the pituary

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25
Q

How does a neuron fire

A

By transmitting electrical signals along its xon. W

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26
Q

When signals reach the end of the axon, htey trigger the relseae of

A

neurotransmitters that are stored in poches that are called vesicles.. Neurotransmitters bind to receptor molecules on the surface of adjacent neurons

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27
Q

Nerve fibers containing norepinephrine are present throughout the brain Deficiencies in this transmitter occur in patients with what dieases

A

Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s and korsakoffs syndrome

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28
Q

What does norepinephrine play a role in

A

learning and memory

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29
Q

Norepinephrine is also secreted by the what nervous system

A

the sympathetic

30
Q

Serotonin

A

This neurotransmitter is present in the brain and other tissues, particularly blood patelet snad the lining of the digestive tract

31
Q

In the brain, what is serotonin been associated with

A

sleep, mood, depression, and anxiety

32
Q

Because serotin controls the differnt switches affecting various emotional states, what do scientists believe?

A

That these switches can be manpulated by analogs, chemicals with molecular structure similar to that of serotoin

33
Q

Drugs that alter serotonin’s action such as _ relieve symtoms of depression and obsessive compulsive disorder

A

fluoxentine

34
Q

Peptides:

A

Are chains of amino acids linked together

35
Q

How do peptids differ from proteins

A

they are much larger and have more complex combination of amino acids

36
Q

in 1973, receptos for opiates on neurons in several regions of the brain suggesting that

A

the bai must make substances very similarto opium. They found ipiate that resembled morphine

37
Q

What was the morphine that is made in the brain named

A

It was named enkephalin meaing in the head

38
Q

What is the role of opioid petids

A

It is unclear

39
Q

A simplistic hypothesisis that they are released by th ebrain neurons in times of ) to do what

A

minimize pain and enhance adaptive behavior. It would explain stess related things

40
Q

Opiooids and their receptos are closely associated with pathways in the brain that are activated by what

A

painful or tissue damagine stimuli. These signals are transmitted to teh central nervous system0 the brain and spiall cord

41
Q

There are special sensory nerves that are called

A

C fibers that contain a peptide called substance P that causes theburn pain

42
Q

What causes burning pain

A

Susbstance P

43
Q

Trophic factors

A

Researchers have discovered several small proteins in the brain that are necessary fro the development, function, and survival for specific groups of neurons

44
Q

The trophic factos are made where

A

in brain cell s and are released locally in the brain and bind to receptors expressed by specific neurons.

45
Q

Researchers hav also identified fenes that code for receptos and are involved in what

A

The sinaling mechanisms of tropic factos

46
Q

Researchers have identified genes that code for receptors and are involved in the signaling mechanizms of trophic factors/ These findings are expected to result in a greater understanding of how trophic factors work in the brain

A
47
Q

What is a major communication system in the body

A

the enocrine syystem

48
Q

While the nervous system uses neurotransmitters as its communication system, what does the endocrine system use?

A

Hormones

49
Q

What are sourcs for hormones

A

Pancreas, kidneys, heart, adrenal glands, gonads, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus and pituary gland

50
Q

The endocrine system works in large part htrough what gland

A

The pituary gland which secretes hormones into the blood

51
Q

The endocrine system in very important for the activation and control of basic behavioral activities like

A

sex, emotion, and response to stress

52
Q

Actions of the hormones show the brain to be vaery malleable and capable of responding t o what signla s

A

Environmental signals

53
Q

The brain contains receptors for thyroid hormones and the six class of steroid hormones: what are they called?

A

androgenes, estrogens, progestins, glucorticoids, mineralocorticoids and vitamin D

54
Q

Where are the receptors for the hormons found

A

in selected populations of neurons in the brain and relavent organs in the body

55
Q

Does the brain have receptors for many Hormones?>

A

Yes, it does, such as metabolic hormones, and others

56
Q

IN response to stress and changes in our biolgical clocks, what happnes to the hormones

A

they enter the lood and travel to the brain and other orgna s

57
Q

In the brain, hormons alter the production of gene products that participate in what

A

synaptic neurotransmission as well as the structure of the brain cells

58
Q

As a result of the brain keep on getting re wired, what happens?

A

It is constantly changing

59
Q

What can severe and prolonged stress cause

A

prolonged brain damage

60
Q

Reproduction in females is agood example of a regular cyclic process driven by circulatin hormones. What happens>

A

The neurons in the hypothalamus produce gondoropin-releasing hormone..which is a peptide that acts on the pituary

61
Q

IN Both Males and Females the GnRH causes two hormones called

A

the FSH and the LH to be released into the blood tream

62
Q

What are the sex hormones

A

Testosterone, estrogen, progestrone

63
Q

The increased levels of the testosteone in males nad estrogen infemals act back on the hypothalamus to decreased the release of what>

A

FSH and LH The increased levels of sex hormones also induce changes in cells tructure and chemistry

64
Q

What is sexual differentian of the brain caused by

A

sex hormones acting in fetal and early postal life.

65
Q

Are there differences in the brains of men and the brains of women?

A

Yes, there are

66
Q
A
67
Q

Scientists identified a new class of neurotransmitters that are called what?

A
68
Q

What are gases primarily made up of?

A

nutric ocide and carbon monoxide do not act like other neurotransmitters. They are not stored in anystructure, or in anything else

69
Q

How do the gases act?

A

They diffuse into ajacent neurons and actu upon cemical targets which may be enzymes

70
Q
A

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