Learning and Memory Flashcards
Who was a perosn who really helped learning?
What diseae did HM suffer from?
Epilepsy
What did they remove?
His temporal lobes which left him with severe amnesia
What does H.M remember really well?
His childhood
Looking at H.M, what iddresarchers figure out?
That parts of H. M’s medial temporal lobe that were removed including the hippocampus and parahippocampal region play critical roles in short term memories to long term permanent memories
What memory did H. M have?
Long term, not short term
The medical temporal region is richly connected to widespread area of the
cerebral cortex, includingthe regions responsible fo rthinking nad anguage
Wheras the meidcal temporal region is
importat for forming, organizing, consolidating and retrieving memory
What are cortical areas important for
for the long term storage of knowledge about facts and events and for how this knowledge is used
Our ability to learn and consciously remeber every day facts is called
declarative memory
Studies using functional brain imagin have identified a large netowrk of areas in the cerebral cortex
When we have new experiences, information initially enters what?
Working emmory, a transiet form of declarative memroy
What does working memory deend on?
the prefrontal cortex as well as other cerebral cortical areas. Studies on anials have shown that neuron
Studies on the animals have shown that neurons in the refrontal cortex maintain relevant
information during working memory na can combine diffent kinds of sensory information when required
In humans, the prefrontal cortex is
highly activated when people maintian and manipulate memories
Distinct areas withihn the prefrontal cortex support
executive funcitons such as selection rehersal and monitoring of information being retrieved form long term memory
To serv these functions, the prefrontal cortex also interacts with a large network of
posterior cortical areas that encode, maintain, and retrieve specific types of information such as s visual images, sounds and words as well as where important events occure dand much more
Sematic memory is in the form of
declarative knowedge that includes general facts and data
Different cortical networks are specialized for processing praticular kinds of information suhc as
faces, hourses, tools, and language and many other catgories of knowledge
Our memories of specific personal experience that happened at a particular place and time are called
episodic meories
What What is the medial temporal lobe
areas serve a critical rolein the initial processing and storage of these memories
What does the parahippocampals region play distinct roles in processign
what, where, and when information about specific events
The fact that H.< and other people with amnesia show
deficits in some types of memories and not others indicates tha tth ebrain has multiple memory systems supported by distinc brain regions
Nondeclarative knowledge,
he knowledge of how to do something, is expressed in skilled behavior nad learned habits and requires rocessing by the basal ganglia nad cerebellum
What is the cerebellum specifically involved in?
Motor tasks that are dependent
What does the amygdala play an important role in
emotional aspects of memory attaching emotional significance
The expression of emotional memories involves the hypothalamus and
sympathetic nervous system which support emotional reactions and feeings
How is memory stored?
It involves a persistant change in synpases, the connections between neurons.
The many kinds of studiesof human and animal memory hae
led scientists to conclude that no single brain center stores memory, it is distributed
