Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals - Systems Paper > Neurosurgery/Neurology > Flashcards

Neurosurgery/Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

ICP cushings triad

A

Widened pulse pressure
Bradycardia
Irregular breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Raised ICP treatment

A

IV mannitol
Controlled hyperventilation
Head elevation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unilateral dilated pupil and no light response in raised ICP

A

CN III compression may secondary herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Unilateral dilated pupil and exagerated light response in raised ICP

A

Optic nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CT scan immedietely when

A

GCS <13 initially or <15 after 2 hours
2 or more episodes vomiting
Skull fracture
Neurological deficit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CT scan within 8h

A

Age >65
Clotting disorders
Dangerous mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Linked to SAH

A

Intracranial aneurysm - APKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Diagnose SAH

A

1) CT head

2) LP after 12 hours - xanthochromia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

SAH treatment

A

Coil by interventional radiologist

Nimodepine - prevent vasospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Subdural haemorrhage identify

A

High impact trauma

Fluctuating consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute v chronic bleed CT

A

Acute - hyperdense

Chronic - hypodense, often subdural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vessels in subdural bleed

A

Bridging veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vessels in extradural bleed

A

Middle meningeal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify extradural bleed

A

Low impact trauma, often young

Loses, regains then loses consciousness again (lucid interval)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diagnose hydrocephalus

A

CT head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment hydrocephalus

A

Acute - external ventricle drain

Long term - ventriculoperitoneal shunt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus

A

Elderly:

  • urinary incontinence
  • dementia
  • gait abnormality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Most common metastasis to brain

A

Lung cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Brain tumour worst prognosis

A

Astrocytoma (glioblastoma multiforme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Types of focal seizure

A

Focal aware
Focal impaired

Always starts specific region brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of generalised seizure

A 
Tonic clonic (grand mal)
Tonic
Clonic
Typical absence (petit mal)
Atonic

Starts both sides brain, always unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diagnose epilepsy

A

After first seizure:

  • EEG
  • MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treat seizure

A

1) Give 5 mins
2) Benzo rectal/under tongue
3) Hospital - status epilapticus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment epilepsy

A

Start epileptic after second seizure, or after first if:

  • neurological deficit
  • abnormal brain imaging
  • abnormal EEG
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Treatment generalised tonic clonic seizure

A

Sodium valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment absence seizure

A

Sodium valproate or ethosuximide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment myoclonic seizure

A

Sodium valproate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Treatment focal seizure

A

Carbamazepine or lamotrigine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Temporal seizure

A

Automatism (lip smacking, grabbing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Frontal seizure

A

Jacksonian march

Post-ictal weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Parietal seizure

A

Paraesthesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Occipital seizure

A

Visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Identify infantile spasm

A

First few weeks of life
Saalam attack (flexion of head and extension of arms)
Poor prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identify absense seizure in kids

A

Onset 4-8y

Lasts few seconds to 30 with quick recovery, many per day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Identify Lennox-Gastraut syndrome

A

Onset 1-5y
Infantile spasm in past
Atypical absence, fall, jerk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Identify benign rolandic epilepsy

A

Paraesthesia on waking up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Identify juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

A

Onset teens

Infrequent generalised seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Migraine treatment

A

1) Triptin and NSAID

2) Non-oral metochlopramide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Migraine prevention

A

1) Topiramate or propranolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

PD plus syndromes

A

Multiple system atrophy - autonomic dysfunction
Dementia with lewy body
Progressive supranuclear palsy - problem moving eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

PD treatment

A

1) Levodopa

2) Dopamine agonist, MAO-B inhibitor or COMT inhibitor to adjunct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PD treatment most common cause impulse control problems

A

Dopamine agonist therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

PD treatment biggest effect on motor function and ADL

A

Levodopa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PD treatment most adverse effects

A

COMT inhibitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

PD treatment most hallucination risk

A

Dopamine agonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Example dopamine receptor agonist

A

Bromocriptine

Cabergoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Example MAOB inhibitor

A

Selegiline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Example COMT inhibitor

A

Etacapine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Diagnose temporal arteritis

A

Temoral artery biopsy - multinucleated giant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Treatment temporal arteritis

A

Urgent high dose glucocorticoid:

  • prednisolone if no visual lose
  • IV methylprednisolone if visual loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Treatment bells palsy

A

Prednisolone

Eye drops

52
Q

Identify essential tremor

A

Postural tremor worst when arms outstretched

Improved by alcohol and rest

53
Q

Treatment essential tremor

A

Propranolol

54
Q

Identify guillian barre syndrome

A

Following infection - compylobacter jejuni
Progressive symetrical weakness of all limbs - ascending (legs first)
Decreased reflexes

55
Q

Diagnose guillian barre syndrome

A

LP - increase protein and normal WCC

Nerve conduction studies - decreased velocity

56
Q

Criteria to diagnose guillian barre

A

Brighton criteria

57
Q

Treatment guillian barre

A

IV immunoglobulin and supportive

58
Q

Subtypes MS

A

Relapsing remitting (most common)
Secondary progressive
Primary progressive

59
Q

Diagnose MS

A

Contrast MRI

CSF - oligoclonal bands

60
Q

Treatment MS acute

A

High dose steroids 5d (methylprednisolone)

61
Q

Treatment neuropathic pain MS

A

Amitriptyline or gabapentin

62
Q

Treatment spasticity MS

A

1) Baclofen and gabapentin

2) Diazapam

63
Q

Treatment bladder dysfunction MS

A

Anticholinergic

64
Q

Identify subacute degeneration cord

A

B12 deficiency

Dorsal column first - vibration and properioception

65
Q

Treatment acute tension headache

A

1) Aspirin, NSAID or paracetomol

66
Q

Prophylaxis tension headache

A

Acupuncture

67
Q

Wernickes encephalopathy triad

A

Opthalmoplegy/nystagmus
Ataxia
Confusion

68
Q

Karsakoffs syndrome triad

A

Antero and retrograde amnesia

Confubulation

69
Q

Cluster headache acute treatment

A

Oxygen and SC triptin

70
Q

Cluster headache prophylaxis

A

Verapamil

71
Q

Identify horners syndrome

A

Miosis (small pupil)
Ptosis
Anhidrosis (loss of sweating)

72
Q

Location of lesion horners syndrome

A

Anhidrosis face arms and trunk:

  • stroke
  • syringomyelia
  • MS
  • tumour

Anhidrosis face:

  • pancoast tumour
  • cervical rib

No anhydrosis:

  • carotid artery dissection
  • carotid aneurysm
73
Q

Identify Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Progressive proximal weakness from 5y
Calf pseudohypertrophy
Gowers sign - uses hands to stand from squated

74
Q

Identify Becker muscular dystrophy

A

Develops after 10y

Intellectual impairment less common than Duchenne

75
Q

Myasthenia gravis antibody

A

Acetylcholine receptors

76
Q

Myasthenia gravis treatment long term

A

Long term acetylcholinesterase inhibitors - pyridostigmine

77
Q

Myasthenia gravis crises treatment

A

IV immunoglobulins

Plasma electrophoresis

78
Q

Treatment trigeminal neuralgia

A

Carbamazepine

79
Q

TIA investigation

A

MRI including diffusion weighting
CT consider differentials
Urgent carotid doppler

80
Q

TIA treatment

A

Initially aspirin 300mg and admission
Lifelong clopidogrel
Carotid artery endarectomy if >70% occlusion

81
Q

Oxford stroke classification

A

3 criteria:

  • unilateral hemiparesis or hemisensory loss
  • homonymous hemianopia
  • higher cognitive dysfunction (eg dysphagia)
82
Q

Identify anterior cerebral infarct stroke

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss

- lower limbs > upper

83
Q

Identify middle cerebral infarct stroke

A

Contralateral hemiparesis and sensory loss

- upper > lower

84
Q

Identify lucunar infarct

A

Pure sensory or motor

85
Q

Identify posterior circulation infarct

A

1 of:

  • cerebrallar or brainstem syndrome
  • isolated homonymous hemianiopia
86
Q

Identify posterior cerebral infarct

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing

Visual agnosia

87
Q

Identify webers syndrome (posterior cerebral that supplies midbrain)

A

Ipsilateral CN III palsy

Contralateral limb weakness

88
Q

Identify lateral medullary syndrome (posterior inferior cerebellar artery) - also called Wallenberg syndrome

A

Ipsilateral facial pain and temp loss
Contralateral limb pain and temp loss
Ataxia and nystagmus

89
Q

Identify lateral pontine syndrome (anterior inferior cerebellar artery)

A

Similar to laterally medullary syndrome but ipsilateral paralysis and deafness

90
Q

Identify basilar stroke

A

Locked in syndrome

91
Q

Stroke screening tools

A

FAST - public

ROSIER - healthcare

92
Q

Stroke diagnosis

A

Non contrast CT head

93
Q

Stroke acute treatment

A

Aspirin 300mg once haemorrhage excluded

Statin if cholesterol >3.5

94
Q

Stroke definitive treatment

A

Thombolysis if <4.5h

Thrombectomy if <6h if proximal anterior or posterior circulation, up to 24h if imaging shows salvagable tissue

95
Q

Stroke secondary prevention

A

1) Clopridogrel

96
Q

Wernicke aphasia

A

Fluent speech, comprehension impaired

Lesion superior temporal gyrus

97
Q

Conductive aphasia

A

Fluent speech, comprehension intact

98
Q

Global aphasia

A

Non-fluent speech

Comprehension impaired

99
Q

Brocas aphasia

A

Non-fluent speech
Comprehension in tact
Lesion in frontal gyrus

100
Q

Differentiate cerebellar hemisphere and vermis lesions

A

Hemisphere - peripheral ataxia (finger nose)

Vermis - gait ataxia

101
Q

Frontal brain lesion

A

Brocas aphasia

Disinhibition

102
Q

Parietal brain lesion

A

Inferior homonymous quadrotonopia

Sensory inattention

103
Q

Temporal brain lesion

A

Wernickes aphasia
Superior homonymous quadrontanopia
Auditory agnosia

104
Q

Occipital brain lesion

A

Homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing

Visual agnosia

105
Q

Identify Brown sequard syndrome

A

Lateral hemisection of cord:

  • ipsilateral weakness, proprioception and vibration loss
  • contralateral loss of pain and temp
106
Q

Identify cataplexy

A

Sudden and transient loss of muscle tone due to emotion

107
Q

CN III palsy

A

Ptosis
Eye down and out
Dilated pupil

108
Q

CN IV palsy

A

Defective downward gaze (vertical diplopia)

109
Q

CN VI palsy

A

Defective abduction (hozizontal diplopia)

110
Q

Vagus lesion

A

Uvula deviates away

111
Q

Hypoglossal lesion

A

Tongue deviates towards

112
Q

Driving after seizure

A

First - no driving 6m if normal investigation

Epilepsy - seizure free 12m

113
Q

Driving after stroke

A

1m

114
Q

Differentiate peroneal nerve lesion and L5 radiculopathy

A

Peroneal - foot drop and eversion effected

L5 - hip adduction affected to, foot eversion not

115
Q

Identify degenerative cervical myopathy

A

Decreased motor function, sensory function, autonomic function
Hoffman sign - flicking one finger causes rest to flicker

116
Q

Identify intranuclear opthalmoplegia

A

Impaired adduction same side lesion

Horizontal nystagmus abducting eye contralateral

117
Q

Identify intracranial venous thrombosis

A

Sudden onset headache
Decreased consciusness
CN VI palsy

118
Q

Diagnose intracranial venous thrombosis

A

MRI venography

119
Q

Treatment neuropathic pain

A

1) Amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabulin

2) Tramadol

120
Q

Identify pituitary apoplexy

A

Sudden onset headache
Bitemporal superior quadrantia
Occular nerve palsies
Pituitary insuffienciency

121
Q

Identify syringomyelia

A

Collection CSF in spinal cord:

  • cape like loss of temp, preserved for touch proprioception and vibration
  • spastic weakness
122
Q

Identify tuberous sclerosis

A

Epilepsy

Shagren patches - rough over lumbar spin

123
Q

Upper quadrant bitemporal hemianopia

A

Pituitary tumour

124
Q

Lower quadrant bitemporal hemianopia

A

Craniopharyngioma

125
Q

Barthel index

A

Disability after stroke

126
Q

Incubate for what GCS

A

<8

Finals - Systems Paper (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions