Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Finals - Systems Paper > Endocrine/Metabolic > Flashcards

Endocrine/Metabolic Flashcards

1
Q

Identify familial hypercholesteraemia

A

Total cholesterol > 7.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Treatment familial hypercholesteraemia

A

High dose statins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Treatment hypercalcaemia

A

Rehydration within saline then bisphosphonates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify hypocalcaemia

A

Tetany - twitching, cramping, spasm

Trouseus sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment hypocalcaemia

A

IV calcium gluconate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Common causes hyperkalaemia

A

AKI
Metabolic acidosis
Addisons
Drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ECG findings hyperkalaemia

A

Peaked T waves
Loss p wave
Broad QRS
Sinusoidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment hyperkalaemia

A

1) ECG
2) IV calcium gluconate - stabilise cardiac membrane
3) Calcium resonium - remove calcium from body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Common causes hypokalaemia

A

Alkalosis:

  • vomiting
  • hyperaldosteronism

Acidosis:

  • diarrhoea
  • renal tubular acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify hypokalaemia

A

Muscle weakness, hypotonia

ECG - U waves, small T waves, prolong PR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypernatraemia treatment

A

Lower with caution due to risk cerebral oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cause of hyponatraemia if urinary Na >20

A

Hypovolaemia:

  • diuretics
  • addisons

Euvolaemia:

  • SIADH
  • hypothyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cause of hyponatraemia if urinary Na <20

A

Na depression:

  • diarrhoea, vomiting
  • burns

Water excess:

  • secondary hyperaldosteronism to HF or liver cirrhosis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • psychogenic polydipsia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Treatment hyponatraemia

A

Hypovolaemia - saline
Euvolaemia - fluid restriction 500 to 1L/day
Hypervolaemia - fluid restriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Treatment acute hyponatraemia with severe symptoms

A

Hypertonic saline (3% NaCl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Treatment SIADH

A

Fluid restriction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Drugs which cause SIADH

A

SSRI
TCA
Carbamazepine
Sulphonylureas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Primary prevention hyperlipiademia

A

20mg atorvastatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Secondary prevention hyperlipidaemia

A

80mg atorvastatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Differentiate between type I and II diabetes

A

Decreased C-peptide in type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diabetes diagnosis criteria

A

Glucose:

  • fasting 7
  • random 11.1

HbA1c:
- 48

If asymptomatic needs done twice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pre-diabetes criteria

A

Fasting glucose 6.1-7

HbA1c 42-47

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment hypoglycaemia

A

Awake - oral glucose tablet or gel

Unconscious - IM glucagon or IV glucose 20% if IV access

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Treatment diabetic ketoacidosis

A

1) Isotonic saline

2) IV insulin 0.1 units/kg/hour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What to do with insulin in diabetic ketoacidis

A

Long acting continue, stop short acting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Treatment diabetic nephropathy

A

1) Amitryptylin, duloxetine, gabapentin, pegrabulin
2) Try another
3) Tramadol and refer to pain management clinic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Treatment T2 diabetes

A

1) Metformin
2) If 58 + sulphonylurea/gliptin/pioglitazone/SGLT2
3) Triple therapy if still 58, metformin always one
4) Insulin OR
4) Metformin + sulphonylurea + GLP if obese instead of insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

T2 HbA1c targets

A

On one drug - 48

On two or more - 53

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Primary v secondary hypothyroidism

A

Primary - TSH raised and T3/4 low

Secondary - both low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Treatment hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Identify hashimotos thyroidism

A

Hypothyroidism
Firm non tender goitre
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Identify sub acute (de quervains) thyroiditis

A

Phases - hyperthyroidism with painful goitre, euthyroid, hypothyroid, normal
Globally reduced uptake on thyroid scintigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Treatment subacute thyroiditis

A

Supportive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Identify Graves disease

A 
Hyperthyroidism
Eye disease - exopthalmos
Pretibial myoxedema
TSH receptor stimulating antibodies
Diffuse, homogenous increased uptake on scintigraphy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Treatment Graves

A

1) Propranol to control symptoms and refer
2) Carbimazole in seconary care
3) Radioactive iodine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Identify toxic multinodular goitre

A

Hyperthyrodism

Patchy uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Treatment toxic multinodular goitre

A

Radioiodine therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is addisons

A

Primary hypoadrenalism - decreased cortisol and aldosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Identify Addisons

A

Hyperpigmentation
Hypoglycaemia
Hyperkalaemic acidosis, hyponatraemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Diagnose addisons

A

1) ACTH stimulation test (short synthen test)

41
Q

Treatment addisons

A

Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone therapy

42
Q

Addisons during concurrent illness

A

Double glucocorticoid

43
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism common cause

A

Solitary adenoma

44
Q

Identify primary hyperparathyrodism

A

Increased PTH
Increased Ca
Decreased phosphate

45
Q

Most common secondary hyperparathyroidism cause

A

CKD

46
Q

Identify secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Increased PTH
Decreased or normal Ca leading to bone disease
Increased phosphate
Decreased vit D

47
Q

Common tertiary hyperparathyroidism cause

A

Ongoing hyperplasia of gland after correction of underlying renal problem

48
Q

Identify tertiary hyperparathyroidism

A 
Increased PTH (massive)
Increased or normal Ca
Decreased or normal phosphate
Decreased or normal vit D
Increased ALP
49
Q

Xray finding primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Pepperpot skull

50
Q

Treatment primary hyperparathyroidism

A

Definitive - total parathyroidectomy

Cant have surgery - calcimometic (eg cinacalet)

51
Q

Treatment hypoparathyroidism

A

Alfacalcidol

52
Q

Bone profile in hypoparathyroidism

A

Low PHH
Low Ca
High phosphate

53
Q

What is pseudohypoparathyroidism

A

Target cells insensitive to PTH due to abnormality, associated with low IQ and short stature

54
Q

Pseudohypoparathyroidism bone profile

A

Decreased Ca
Increased PTH
Increased phosphate

55
Q

Identify phaechromocytoma

A

Hypertension with hypokalaemia
Headaches
Palpitations
Anxiety

56
Q

Diagonsis phaechromocytoma

A

24h urinary metanephrines

57
Q

Treatment phaechromocytoma

A

1) Alpha blockers - phenoxybenzamine

2) Surgery definitive

58
Q

Common cause acromegaly

A

Increased GH secretion from pituitary adenoma

59
Q

Diagnosis acromegaly

A

1) Serum IGF1

2) OGTT to confirm

60
Q

Treatment acromegaly

A

1) Transphenoidal surgery

2) Medication - octreotide

61
Q

What is cushings syndrome

A

Hyperadrenalism - too much cortisol

ACTH dependent cause:

  • cushings disease (most common), due to pituirary tumour
  • ectopic ACTH production from tumour

ACTH independent cause:

  • steroids
  • adrenal adenoma
62
Q

Blood gas for cushings syndrome

A

Hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis

63
Q

Diagnosis cushings syndrome

A

1) Overnight dexamethasone suppresion test

64
Q

Suppression test results for ectopic ACTH secretion

A

Cortisol - not supressed

ACTH - not supressed

65
Q

Suppression test results for cushings disease

A

Cortisol - suppressed

ACTH - suppressed

66
Q

Suppresion test results for adrenal adenoma

A

Cortisol - not suppressed

ACTH - supressed

67
Q

Identify diabetes insupidus

A

Polyuria and polydipsia
Low K
No evidence diabetes

68
Q

Diagnose diabetes insupidus

A

Water deprivation test

- plasma osmolarity increased and urine decreased

69
Q

Treatment diabetes insupidus

A

Cranial - desmopressin

Nephrogenic - thiazides

70
Q

Treatment addisonian crises

A

Hydrocortisone IM/IV

Saline +/- dextrose

71
Q

GLP1 drugs

A

End in -ide

exenatide
liraglutide

72
Q

GLP1 mechanism

A

Glucagon mimic, increasing insulin

73
Q

DPP4 drugs

A

Ends in -gliptan

vildagliptin
sitagliptin

74
Q

Mechanism DPP4

A

Decreased peripheral breakdown incretins

75
Q

What drug to use T2 diabetes no weight gain

A

GPP-4

76
Q

Causes lower HbA1c than expected

A

Sickle cell anaemia
G6PD deficiency
Hereditory spherocytosis

77
Q

Causes higher HbA1c than expected

A

Splenectomy

78
Q

Identify hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

A

Nausea and vomiting, impaired consicous

Hypovolaemia
Marked hyperglycaemia without ketoacidosis or acidosis
Raised serum osmolarity

79
Q

Treatment hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state

A

1) Saline

2) After fluids insulin at 0.05units/kg/hour

80
Q

Calculate serum osmolarity

A

2Na + glucose + urea

81
Q

MEN1

A

3Ps

  • parathyroid
  • pituitary
  • pancreas
82
Q

MEN 2a

A

2Ps

  • parathyroid
  • phaeochromocytoma
83
Q

Men 2b

A

1P

- phaeochromocytoma

84
Q

Identify myoxodemic coma

A

Confusion
Hypothermia
Hypothyroidism

85
Q

Treatment myoxodemic coma

A

IV corticosteroid
IV thyroid replacement
IV fluid

86
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors

A

Ends in -flozin

87
Q

SGLT2 mechanism

A

Increase urinary glucose excretion

88
Q

SGLT2 adverse

A

Fourmiers gangrene

89
Q

SGLT2 weight gain or loss

A

Often lose weight

90
Q

Sulphonylureas mechanism

A

Increase pancreas insulin secretion

91
Q

Sulphonylureas adverse

A

Hypoglycaemia

Weight gain

92
Q

Sulphnylureas drugs

A

Glicazide

93
Q

Most common thyroid cancer

A

Papillary

94
Q

Thyroid cancer secretes calcitonin

A

Medullary

95
Q

Treatment thyroid storm

A

Beta blockers

96
Q

Diabetic medication contraindicated by HF and bladder cancer

A

Pioglitazone

97
Q

Example thiazolidinedione

A

Ends in -glitazone

98
Q

1ml of insulin is

A

100 units

99
Q

Mechanism thiazolidinedione

A

Reduce peripheral insulin resistance

Finals - Systems Paper (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions