neurosciences extra

Question 1

what is a festinasting gait

Answer 1

stooping forward
slow initating
small shuffle

Seen with parkinson

Question 2

what is an ataxic gait

Answer 2

wide gait
irregular lurching
associated with cerebellar dysfunction

Question 3

what are the six stages of gait

Answer 3

Heel-strike:
Foot flat:
Mid-stance:
Heel-off:
Toe-off:
Swing:

Question 4

what is antaglic gait

Answer 4

stance shorter than swing phase
associated with lower limb trauma, sciaitica

Question 5

what is a spatic gait

Answer 5

scissor leg
seen with cerebral palsy
excessive adduction
leg in swing

Question 6

what is a steppage gait

Answer 6

also known as equine and neuropathic
high stepping
associated with foot drop

Question 7

what is a steppage gait seen in

Answer 7

charcot marie tooth syndrome

Question 8

what is a myopathic gait.

Answer 8

waddling gait

associated with broad based
pelvic drop
pelvic myopathy

Question 9

what is a pigeon gai t

Answer 9

inward toes
associated with foot deformities

Question 10

treneleburg gait

Answer 10

) occurs due to weakness of the hip abductors resulting in a waddling appearance.
type of myopathic gait

Question 11

what is a stomping gait.

Answer 11

bilateral high steppage
feredich ataxia

Question 12

gait associated with normal pressure hypocephalus

Answer 12

magnetic gait.

Question 13

choreiform

Answer 13

chorea syndhiam
huntingdon

Question 14

sensory gait

Answer 14

b12
diabetes

slam foot to floor to feel t

Question 15

hemiplegic

Answer 15

unilateral
circumdunction

stroke

Question 16

what does ghrelin do

Answer 16

secretes from endocrine cells and acts on hypothalmus

Question 17

where is gastrin secretes from

Answer 17

from cells in gut
acts to stimulate exocrine cells of stomach to secrete gastric juices

from cells in stomach and dudodenum

Question 18

what is cckfunction

Answer 18

secretes by gut intestine
act to stimulate pancreas, GB to release juices.bile etc. and vagal neurons - satiety

Question 19

what does somatostatin do

Answer 19

secreted from stomach from gatrin glands
to inhibit gastrin to stop secretion of acid
dudondeim to stop cck
pancreas to inhibit glucagon

Question 20

dendrate gyrus

Answer 20

hippocampal function

Question 21

the thalamus is made of which nuclei

Answer 21

lateral gemnulcate
medial geninculate
ventromediallateral
ventralterior
lateral

Question 22

what are the thalamus nuclei function

Answer 22

ateral gemnulcate -visual
medial geninculate -hearing
ventromediallateral - facial
ventralterior motor
lateral body sensations

Question 23

what are the three tract types

Answer 23

projection
commissural
association

Question 24

identify the function of the tract

Answer 24

projection - to connect the higher centre to lower i.e. brainstem to spinal cord
commissural -2 hemisphere together
association - in same hemisphere

Question 25

what are association tracts associated with

Answer 25

long - separate lobes
short - separate gyri

Question 26

what are the commissural

Answer 26

corpus callosum 0 white matter fibre connecting two hemisphere

anterior commussiure - via lamina terminus
there are anterior and posterior

Question 27

what do the anterior and posterior branches of the anterior commisrure do

Answer 27

ant -olfactory bulb
poserio - middle inferior gyri connects

Question 28

what are the six association tracts

Answer 28

cingulum
inferior occpital frontal
superior occpital frontal
superior longitudinal
inferior longituduinal
uncinate

Question 29

what do the association tracts do. - what does the cingulum do

Answer 29

connect the Frontal Temporal and Parietal lobes

Question 30

what is the suprachiasmatic associated with

Answer 30

circadan rhythm
sleep dx if a lesion
input received from the retina
body clock

Question 31

what is the preoptic associated with.

Answer 31

secretes GnRH to sitmulate LH/FSH
if lesion present, associated with arrest in puberty, impoerence, amennrhoea

Question 32

what is the supra optic associaed with

Answer 32

production of adhd and oxytocin –> diabetes inspidus

Question 33

what is paraventricular nuclei associated with

Answer 33

production of xocyton and adh –> crh and trh – diabetes inspidius

Question 34

what are the ventromedial nuclei associated with

Answer 34

hyerphagia
appetite insulin regulation

Question 35

lateral nuclei

Answer 35

body weight and appetite

stimulation leads to increase apeptite
lesion leads to anorexia

Question 36

what does rhe dorsomedial nucleus

Answer 36

body weight regulation
obesity
savage behaviour.

Question 37

**

what do the lesions in arcutate ncuelus lead to

Answer 37

ammenrhoea
glacttorhea

Question 38

what do the anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei do

Answer 38

anteerior -keep body cool when temp hot, by parasythmatic sytem.

posterior- warms up body when lesion via sympathtic system to keep warm

Question 39

what happens if there is a lesion in the anterior and posterior hypothalamuc nucleus

Answer 39

anterior - leson leads to hyperhtemia

posterior- hypothermia when lesion as unable to heat up

Question 40

what are the angular gyrus

Answer 40

associated with apreital lobe
language and maths

Question 41

cingulate gyrus is associated with

Answer 41

corpus collasum

emotion and memory

Question 42

what about the precentral and postcentral gyrus

Answer 42

frontal primar motor cortex -movement

pareital lobe touch

Question 43

lingual gyrus

Answer 43

occipital

draming
word decognition

Question 44

what about the superior temporal

Answer 44

assoaicted with feorntal

laugther
self awareness

Question 45

superior temporal

Answer 45

temporal wernike
sound