neurosciences Flashcards
what is the phineas gage case
railway worker with iron pole through frontal lobe –> change in his personality
what is perservation
frequent behaviour of patient with organic brain involvement
conscious act/ idea continuation
which primary afferent axon is associated with touch
A beta
which primary afferent axon is associated with proprioception
A alpha
which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp
A delta
What which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp touch
C
which ones are myelinated
A alpbha beta delta
C unmyelinated
which ones are involved in slow dull pain and sharp pain
sharp pain A delta
Slow dull C
what structural changes are seen with schizophrenia
enlargement of 3/4th ventricle
reduction in brain volume and gray matter vol
reduced asymmetry in planum temporale
what functional changes are seen with schizophrenia
diminished activation of frontal region during cognitive tasks
increased temporal region activation
where is serataonin made
in CNS
in the raphe nuclei in brain
also GI tract -endochromaffin cells
how is seratonin made
L trytophan to seratonin
step 1. hydrolation to 5 hydoxytrphyane by trytophan hydroxlase
step 2 : decarboxylation of 5 hydroxhy to seratonin by L aromatic acid decarboxylase
how do cocane, TCA, MDMA work
block the SERT monamine transportetr so seratonin is not taken up by synapse
what category are seratonin
G protein except 5HT3 -ligand gated
which receptor is associated with enhanced sexual behaviours
5HT1
inhibit seratonin so doapmine can act freely
what is 5HT2 involved in
arousal
inhibit doapmine release and nepheramine
what is 5HT3 associated with
nausea anxiety
5HT7
circadian rhythm
what are thefour stages of sleep
N1
N2
N3
REM
which phase of sleep is associated with theta waves
N2
10-25 mins light sleep
reduce in bod temp
slow HR/RR
which phase of sleep is a deep sleep
N3
delta waves
20-40 mins
this is where sleep walking, bed wetting, terrors take placee
decrease in time through the night
what occurs in rem sleep
15% of slee p time
around 1 hour
vivide drreams
decrease with age
eye movement
miscle tone loss
SAH are mostly caused by what
RF
85% berry aneurysms
PCKD, ehler danols syndrome, coarctation of aorta
management of SAH
60mg nimepidine
neurosurgry input STAT
mx of subdural
burr hole
how is a SAH diagnosed
LP 12 hour later xanthachromatia
CT scan
syringomyelia assocated with
arnold chiara malformation
what is the forebrain related to
prosencephalon - diacephalon and telecephalon
what doesthe diacephalon go onto form
the thalamus, eye cup, hypothalamus
what does the telecephalon form
cerebrum
what is the midbrain
MESENCEPHALON and then the midbrain
what is the hindbrain
rhombocephalon
split into metencephalon and meyelencephalon
what does the metecephalon form
pons and cerebellum
part off 4th ventricle
what does the meyelencephalon form
medulla oblongata
inferior4th ventricle
what are the three caterogories of white matter
projection tracts
higher centre to lower commisuural tract opposite 2 hempsiere
association tract -same hemisphere
he corticospinal tract
he corticospinal tract is a motor pathway that carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is responsible for the voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk.
The corticonuclear tract
The corticonuclear tract or corticolbublar provides voluntary control over the muscles of the face, head and neck. This is in contrast to the corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the torso and limbs.
he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST)
he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) is the largest descending motor pathway in the human body, it spans the entire length of the spinal cord, eventually supplying motor signals to all the skeletal muscles of our upper and lower limbs.
deficiency in narcolepsy
hypocretin (also known as orexin), wh
what produces CRH and ACTH
cortisol
hypothalamus
pituary gland
adrenal glands
dexamethasone suppression test
Dexamethasone is a synthetic steroid similar to cortisol, which suppresses ACTH secretion in normal people. Therefore, giving dexamethasone should reduce ACTH levels, resulting in decreased cortisol levels. People with pituitary glands which produce too much ACTH will have an abnormal response to the low-dose test, but a normal response to the high dose.
hebbian theory
increase in synapetic effciacy in presence of repeated simultaneous firing
what is papet circuit
emotional circuit which involved the connection between the hypothalamus and the limbic lobe
includes
Hippocampal formation (subiculum) → fornix → mammillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → cingulum → entorhinal cortex → hippocampal formation.[4]
Papp lontos
MS atrophy
picks body seen in
FTD
hirano and verocay
alzheimers
schawanomma
zebra and mallory bodies
zebra tay sachs dx
PBBC WILSON - alcohol malary bodies
hakim traid seen in what
The classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim’s triad) is:
Gait instability
Urinary incontinence
Dementia
non-communicating hydrocephalus
Non-communicating hydrocephalus usually results from obstruction to the flow of CSF in the third or fourth ventricle. It presents with signs of raised intracranial pressure:
Headache
Vomiting
Hypertension
Bradycardia
Altered consciousness
Papilledema
what is communicating hydrocephalus
Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus (an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain). It is thought to be due to the impaired re-absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi.
which wave is associated with 1-4hz
which part of brain
delta
frontaladutls
posterior in children
when are delta waves seen
slow waves in sleep stage III
deep sleep
what frequency are theta waves
4-8 Hz
stage 1 sleep
generalised
drowsy sleepy
which part of braina nd what frequency are alpha waves
where are they seen
8-12 hz
posterior
eyes closed but awake
in meditation
resting
associared with learning and cooedinarion
sigma waves
12-14 hz
single sleep
stage 2 front
beta waves
when busy or concentrating
12-30hz
gamma waves
30-100hz
when awake, alert, concious busy
What is seen on EEG in CJD
biphasic sharp
huntington eeg
low eeg
flattened
what activity is seen in schziorphrenia
dompergenic increased in straitum
reduced in frontal lobe with negative symptoms
what is associared with anti NMDAR
psychosis
involuntary movement
seizure
what is seen with anti GAD
stiff person sydrome
cerebral ataxia
whats seen with glyr
monoclonus
rigidity
encephalitis
CASPR
insomnia
morvon syndrome
autonomic dysfunction
L (dominant side)
RL disorientation
finger agnosia
constructional apraxia
dysgraphia
dyscalculaius numbers
apraxia
R non dominant side
visualspatial deficit
neglect
anosgonosia
dressing apraxia
spatial awareness
dysgraphia
what makes up the bulk of the diacephalon
80%
thalamus
function of the thalamus
relaying point and processing centre excluding olfactory
what is the hypothalamus involved in
homeostasis
hormonal/endocrine function
several nuclei
what else is in the diacephalon
pineal gland
mamillory body
function of the pineal gland
to produce melatonin
**
function of mamillory body
memory
issues seen anterograde amnesia
also affected in korskoff and wernicke with alcohoics
what does dysmetria reveal
issues with distance
i.e. finger nose test
what makes up the cerebellum
vernix -locomotor and posture
peduncles - 3 pairs (middle, superior, inferior)
folia on surface of cerebellum to increase SA
abor vitae - tree of life (white matter)
what does the telecephalon form
the cerebrum
what is the function of the frontal lobe
primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
voluntary movement
what makes up the brainstem
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
what makes up the straitum
caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
what is the function of the hippocampus
memoru
early storage and formation of longterm memory
parital lobe function
primary sensory cortex
(postcentral gyrus)
language acquistation
what does the insula do
processing hearing
cerebrum into lateral sulcus
function of basal ganglia
motor and premotor cortical area -voluntary
movement
eye movement
susbtance abuse pleasant affect
reward seeking
what is the substantia nigra split into
par compacta -doapmine
par reticulate input signals from BG to others
what is the mesolimbic pathway
transports dopamine from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus. The nucleus accumbens is found in the ventral medial portion of the striatum and is believed to play a role in reward, desire, and the placebo effect
position effect
what is the mesocortical apthway
surface of the brain /
prefrontal cortex to VTA
negative symptoms
what is the nigrostraital pathway
caudate ncuelus to the substantia nigra
movement
what is the tulerindulibular pathway
pituary gland to medulla oblongata
dopamine release (from acurate nucleus in hypothalamus) to the ituary gland for
regulars prolactin secretion
domaint pareital
gerstatman syndrome
alexia
anomia
impaired reading or writing
non domaint parital
spatiaul disnotientation
dressing apraxia
propsagnosia
contralateral side neglect
temporal lobe functions
dominant associated with wnerike
memory difficutions
visual agonesia
non domianntion -visual memory defects e.g. faces, names
imapired sounds recongition e.g. music
emotional regulation cutes
dominant frontal associated with
broca aphasia expressive
executive function motor apraxia
hemoparesis
what is left angular gyrus associated withb
gerstmann syndrome
RL orientation
alexia
dyscalcula
non dominant frontal is associated with
hemiparesis
dishinhibition
alzeihmer heterozygous and homozygous risk
homo 10-30x
heteroxygous 3x
tremor and hz
Parkinson 5z
Physiological 10hz
Intentional 2-3hz
Essential 7hz
lentiform nucleus
putamen
globus pallidum
