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LS MRPSYCH > neurosciences > Flashcards

neurosciences Flashcards

1
Q

what is the phineas gage case

A

railway worker with iron pole through frontal lobe –> change in his personality

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2
Q

what is perservation

A

frequent behaviour of patient with organic brain involvement
conscious act/ idea continuation

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3
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with touch

A

A beta

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4
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with proprioception

A

A alpha

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5
Q

which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp

A

A delta

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6
Q

What which primary afferent axon is associated with pain temp touch

A

C

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7
Q

which ones are myelinated

A

A alpbha beta delta

C unmyelinated

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8
Q

which ones are involved in slow dull pain and sharp pain

A

sharp pain A delta
Slow dull C

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9
Q

what structural changes are seen with schizophrenia

A

enlargement of 3/4th ventricle
reduction in brain volume and gray matter vol
reduced asymmetry in planum temporale

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10
Q

what functional changes are seen with schizophrenia

A

diminished activation of frontal region during cognitive tasks
increased temporal region activation

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11
Q

where is serataonin made

A

in CNS
in the raphe nuclei in brain
also GI tract -endochromaffin cells

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12
Q

how is seratonin made

A

L trytophan to seratonin

step 1. hydrolation to 5 hydoxytrphyane by trytophan hydroxlase

step 2 : decarboxylation of 5 hydroxhy to seratonin by L aromatic acid decarboxylase

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13
Q

how do cocane, TCA, MDMA work

A

block the SERT monamine transportetr so seratonin is not taken up by synapse

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14
Q

what category are seratonin

A

G protein except 5HT3 -ligand gated

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15
Q

which receptor is associated with enhanced sexual behaviours

A

5HT1
inhibit seratonin so doapmine can act freely

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16
Q

what is 5HT2 involved in

A

arousal
inhibit doapmine release and nepheramine

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17
Q

what is 5HT3 associated with

A

nausea anxiety

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18
Q

5HT7

A

circadian rhythm

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19
Q

what are thefour stages of sleep

A

N1
N2
N3
REM

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20
Q

which phase of sleep is associated with theta waves

A

N2
10-25 mins light sleep
reduce in bod temp
slow HR/RR

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21
Q

which phase of sleep is a deep sleep

A

N3
delta waves
20-40 mins
this is where sleep walking, bed wetting, terrors take placee
decrease in time through the night

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22
Q

what occurs in rem sleep

A

15% of slee p time
around 1 hour
vivide drreams
decrease with age
eye movement
miscle tone loss

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23
Q

SAH are mostly caused by what
RF

A

85% berry aneurysms
PCKD, ehler danols syndrome, coarctation of aorta

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24
Q

management of SAH

A

60mg nimepidine
neurosurgry input STAT

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24
Q

mx of subdural

A

burr hole

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25
Q

how is a SAH diagnosed

A

LP 12 hour later xanthachromatia
CT scan

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26
Q

syringomyelia assocated with

A

arnold chiara malformation

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27
Q

what is the forebrain related to

A

prosencephalon - diacephalon and telecephalon

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28
Q

what doesthe diacephalon go onto form

A

the thalamus, eye cup, hypothalamus

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29
Q

what does the telecephalon form

A

cerebrum

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30
Q

what is the midbrain

A

MESENCEPHALON and then the midbrain

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31
Q

what is the hindbrain

A

rhombocephalon
split into metencephalon and meyelencephalon

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32
Q

what does the metecephalon form

A

pons and cerebellum
part off 4th ventricle

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33
Q

what does the meyelencephalon form

A

medulla oblongata
inferior4th ventricle

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34
Q

what are the three caterogories of white matter

A

projection tracts
higher centre to lower commisuural tract opposite 2 hempsiere
association tract -same hemisphere

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35
Q

he corticospinal tract

A

he corticospinal tract is a motor pathway that carries efferent information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It is responsible for the voluntary movements of the limbs and trunk.

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36
Q

The corticonuclear tract

A

The corticonuclear tract or corticolbublar provides voluntary control over the muscles of the face, head and neck. This is in contrast to the corticospinal tract which controls the movement of the torso and limbs.

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37
Q

he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST)

A

he lateral corticospinal tract (LCST) is the largest descending motor pathway in the human body, it spans the entire length of the spinal cord, eventually supplying motor signals to all the skeletal muscles of our upper and lower limbs.

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38
Q

deficiency in narcolepsy

A

hypocretin (also known as orexin), wh

39
Q

what produces CRH and ACTH
cortisol

A

hypothalamus
pituary gland
adrenal glands

40
Q

dexamethasone suppression test

A

Dexamethasone is a synthetic steroid similar to cortisol, which suppresses ACTH secretion in normal people. Therefore, giving dexamethasone should reduce ACTH levels, resulting in decreased cortisol levels. People with pituitary glands which produce too much ACTH will have an abnormal response to the low-dose test, but a normal response to the high dose.

41
Q

hebbian theory

A

increase in synapetic effciacy in presence of repeated simultaneous firing

42
Q

what is papet circuit

A

emotional circuit which involved the connection between the hypothalamus and the limbic lobe

includes

Hippocampal formation (subiculum) → fornix → mammillary bodies → mammillothalamic tract → anterior thalamic nucleus → cingulum → entorhinal cortex → hippocampal formation.[4]

43
Q

Papp lontos

A

MS atrophy

44
Q

picks body seen in

A

FTD

45
Q

hirano and verocay

A

alzheimers
schawanomma

46
Q

zebra and mallory bodies

A

zebra tay sachs dx

PBBC WILSON - alcohol malary bodies

47
Q

hakim traid seen in what

A

The classic triad of normal pressure hydrocephalus (Hakim’s triad) is:

Gait instability
Urinary incontinence
Dementia

48
Q

non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

Non-communicating hydrocephalus usually results from obstruction to the flow of CSF in the third or fourth ventricle. It presents with signs of raised intracranial pressure:

Headache
Vomiting
Hypertension
Bradycardia
Altered consciousness
Papilledema

49
Q

what is communicating hydrocephalus

A

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a chronic type of communicating hydrocephalus (an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain). It is thought to be due to the impaired re-absorption of CSF by the arachnoid villi.

50
Q

which wave is associated with 1-4hz
which part of brain

A

delta
frontaladutls
posterior in children

51
Q

when are delta waves seen

A

slow waves in sleep stage III
deep sleep

52
Q

what frequency are theta waves

A

4-8 Hz
stage 1 sleep
generalised
drowsy sleepy

53
Q

which part of braina nd what frequency are alpha waves
where are they seen

A

8-12 hz
posterior
eyes closed but awake
in meditation
resting
associared with learning and cooedinarion

54
Q

sigma waves

A

12-14 hz
single sleep
stage 2 front

55
Q

beta waves

A

when busy or concentrating
12-30hz

56
Q

gamma waves

A

30-100hz
when awake, alert, concious busy

57
Q

What is seen on EEG in CJD

A

biphasic sharp

58
Q

huntington eeg

A

low eeg
flattened

59
Q

what activity is seen in schziorphrenia

A

dompergenic increased in straitum
reduced in frontal lobe with negative symptoms

60
Q

what is associared with anti NMDAR

A

psychosis
involuntary movement
seizure

61
Q

what is seen with anti GAD

A

stiff person sydrome
cerebral ataxia

62
Q

whats seen with glyr

A

monoclonus
rigidity
encephalitis

63
Q

CASPR

A

insomnia
morvon syndrome
autonomic dysfunction

64
Q

L (dominant side)

A

RL disorientation
finger agnosia
constructional apraxia
dysgraphia
dyscalculaius numbers
apraxia

65
Q

R non dominant side

A

visualspatial deficit
neglect
anosgonosia
dressing apraxia
spatial awareness
dysgraphia

66
Q

what makes up the bulk of the diacephalon

A

80%
thalamus

67
Q

function of the thalamus

A

relaying point and processing centre excluding olfactory

68
Q

what is the hypothalamus involved in

A

homeostasis
hormonal/endocrine function
several nuclei

69
Q

what else is in the diacephalon

A

pineal gland
mamillory body

70
Q

function of the pineal gland

A

to produce melatonin

71
Q

**

function of mamillory body

A

memory
issues seen anterograde amnesia
also affected in korskoff and wernicke with alcohoics

72
Q

what does dysmetria reveal

A

issues with distance
i.e. finger nose test

73
Q

what makes up the cerebellum

A

vernix -locomotor and posture
peduncles - 3 pairs (middle, superior, inferior)
folia on surface of cerebellum to increase SA
abor vitae - tree of life (white matter)

74
Q

what does the telecephalon form

A

the cerebrum

75
Q

what is the function of the frontal lobe

A

primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
voluntary movement

76
Q

what makes up the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

77
Q

what makes up the straitum

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens

78
Q

what is the function of the hippocampus

A

memoru
early storage and formation of longterm memory

79
Q

parital lobe function

A

primary sensory cortex
(postcentral gyrus)
language acquistation

80
Q

what does the insula do

A

processing hearing
cerebrum into lateral sulcus

81
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

motor and premotor cortical area -voluntary
movement
eye movement
susbtance abuse pleasant affect
reward seeking

82
Q

what is the substantia nigra split into

A

par compacta -doapmine
par reticulate input signals from BG to others

83
Q

what is the mesolimbic pathway

A

transports dopamine from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus. The nucleus accumbens is found in the ventral medial portion of the striatum and is believed to play a role in reward, desire, and the placebo effect

position effect

84
Q

what is the mesocortical apthway

A

surface of the brain /
prefrontal cortex to VTA

negative symptoms

85
Q

what is the nigrostraital pathway

A

caudate ncuelus to the substantia nigra
movement

86
Q

what is the tulerindulibular pathway

A

pituary gland to medulla oblongata
dopamine release (from acurate nucleus in hypothalamus) to the ituary gland for
regulars prolactin secretion

87
Q

domaint pareital

A

gerstatman syndrome
alexia
anomia
impaired reading or writing

88
Q

non domaint parital

A

spatiaul disnotientation
dressing apraxia
propsagnosia
contralateral side neglect

89
Q

temporal lobe functions

A

dominant associated with wnerike
memory difficutions
visual agonesia

non domianntion -visual memory defects e.g. faces, names
imapired sounds recongition e.g. music
emotional regulation cutes

90
Q

dominant frontal associated with

A

broca aphasia expressive
executive function motor apraxia
hemoparesis

91
Q

what is left angular gyrus associated withb

A

gerstmann syndrome
RL orientation
alexia
dyscalcula

91
Q

non dominant frontal is associated with

A

hemiparesis
dishinhibition

92
Q

alzeihmer heterozygous and homozygous risk

A

homo 10-30x
heteroxygous 3x

93
Q

tremor and hz

A

Parkinson 5z
Physiological 10hz
Intentional 2-3hz
Essential 7hz

94
Q

lentiform nucleus

A

putamen
globus pallidum

LS MRPSYCH (17 decks)

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